Labor Force Characteristics (CPS)
This page contains information on the labor force data on characteristics of employed and unemployed persons and persons not in the labor force. Data on hours of work, earnings, and demographic characteristics also are available.
Labor force information for States, counties, and cities are available separately from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program. Contact LAUS by e-mail or call (202) 691-6392.
Absences
See also Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic for a discussion of people not at work in the monthly impact summary.
- Data on absences from work - learn more about the absence measures and retrieve time series
- Employed people who did not work during the survey reference week
- Missed work due to own illness -- Time series quick-links:
- Missed work due to bad weather -- Time series quick-links:
- Unpaid absences (all reasons) -- Time series quick-link:
- Absences from work of employed full-time wage and salary workers (employee absences)
- Charts:
- Articles:
- Work absences due to bad weather: analysis of data from 1977 to 2010 (February 2012) (PDF)
- Illness-related work absences during flu season (July 2010) (PDF)
Annual labor market summary
Each year a summary of the labor market is published in the Monthly Labor Review.
Class of worker
See Self-employed persons.
Computer and Internet use
These data on computer and Internet use at work come from a special supplemental survey last conducted in October 2003.
Contingent and alternative employment arrangements
Contingent workers are people who do not expect their jobs to last or who reported that their jobs are temporary. They do not have an implicit or explicit contract for continuing employment. Alternative employment arrangements include people employed as independent contractors, on-call workers, temporary help agency workers, and workers provided by contract firms. See also Electronically mediated employment.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic
Beginning with the publication of data for March 2020, reports highlight the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and efforts to contain it. See also Absences.
Discouraged workers
Discouraged workers are a subset of persons marginally attached to the labor force. The marginally attached are those persons not in the labor force who want and are available for work, and who have looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months, but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Among the marginally attached, discouraged workers were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify. See also Not in the labor force and Alternative measures of labor underutilization.
Displaced workers
Data on displaced workers are collected from a special supplementary survey conducted every 2 years. Displaced workers are defined as persons 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished.
Electronically mediated employment (EME)
BLS added four new questions to the May 2017 Contingent Worker Supplement. These questions were designed to measure an emerging type of work—electronically mediated employment, generally defined as short jobs or tasks that workers find through mobile apps that both connect them with customers and arrange payment for the tasks.
Employed persons
Employed persons consist of: persons who did any work for pay or profit during the survey reference week; persons who did at least 15 hours of unpaid work in a family-operated enterprise; and persons who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, bad weather, industrial dispute, or various personal reasons. The employment-population ratio represents the proportion of the civilian noninstitutional population that is employed. Data are also available for Demographics, Earnings, Hours of work, and other employment characteristics. See also Labor force and Unemployment.
Full- or part-time status
Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is 1 to 34 hours per week.
See also Hours of work, Work experience, and Work schedules (flexible and shift schedules).
Part time for economic reasons (involuntary part time)
This category includes people who indicated that they would like to work full time but were working part time (1 to 34 hours) because of an economic reason, such as their hours were cut back or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (Learn more about how this category is defined.)
Flexible and shift schedules
See Work schedules.
Hours of work
Data measure average hours at work per week and distributions of employed persons by hours at work. See also Full- or part-time status.
- Annual tables:
- Monthly tables:
- Articles:
- Seasonally adjusted hours series from the Current Population Survey (July 2010) (PDF)
- Are managers and professionals really working more? (May 2000) (PDF)
Industry
See Occupation and industry.
Labor force
The labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. Browse various labor force characteristics. Data also are available by demographic characteristics. See also Not in the labor force.
Labor force status flows
Marginally attached to the labor force
See: Discouraged workers.
Multiple jobholders
Data on employed persons with more than one job.
Not in the labor force
Persons who are neither employed nor unemployed are not in the labor force. This category includes retired persons, students, those taking care of children or other family members, and others who are neither working nor seeking work. Information is collected on their desire for and availability for work, job search activity in the prior year, and reasons for not currently searching. See also Labor force and Discouraged workers.
Occupation and industry
Employed persons are classified by occupation (what kind of work they do) and industry (what kind of work their employer or business does). Unemployed persons are classified according to their last job. See also Earnings by occupation and industry.
Part-time workers
See: Full- and part-time status.
Self-employed persons (class of worker)
Employed persons are categorized by class of worker based on their relationship to their employer. The class-of-worker categories include private and government wage and salary workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers.
Shift work
See Work schedules.
Summer work
Information on the April to July labor force participation of youth 16 to 24 years old is published each August. See also Youth.
Tenure
Data on employee tenure, which measure how long workers had been with their current employer at the time they were surveyed, come from a special supplemental survey conducted every 2 years.
Unemployment
Persons are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior 4 weeks, and are currently available for work. Persons who were not working and were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been temporarily laid off are also included as unemployed. Receiving benefits from the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program has no bearing on whether a person is classified as unemployed.
The unemployment rate represents the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. Unemployment data also are available by demographic characteristics. See also Labor force and Employment.
Alternative measures of labor underutilization (U-1 through U-6)
This range of measures encompasses concepts both broader and narrower than the definition of unemployment. See also State estimates.
Characteristics of Unemployment Insurance Applicants and Benefit Recipients
A 2018 special supplemental survey provided information on people who applied for or received unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. This information is not available from the basic monthly labor force survey that is the source of national estimates of unemployment.
Union members
Data measure union membership and representation of employed wage and salary workers. See also Union earnings.
- News release: Union Members (Annual)
(PDF) (Archives)
- Time series quick-links:
- Databases:
- Annual tables: Union membership
- Charts:
- A look at union membership rates across industries in 2020 (February 2021)
- Union membership rates highest in Hawaii, lowest in South Carolina, in 2020 (February 2021)
- Union employment down 2.2 percent in 2020; total wage and salary employment down 6.7 percent (January 2021)
- Nonunion workers had weekly earnings 81 percent of union members in 2019 (February 2020)
- Union membership rate 8.6 percent in manufacturing, 23.4 percent in utilities, in 2019 (February 2020)
- Hawaii and New York had highest union membership rates, the Carolinas the lowest, in 2019 (January 2020)
- Hawaii and New York had highest union membership rates, the Carolinas the lowest, in 2018 (February 2019)
- Union membership rate 10.5 percent in 2018, down from 20.1 percent in 1983 (January 2019)
- Utilities industry has highest union membership rate in private sector in 2017 (February 2018)
- New York again had highest union membership rate, South Carolina the lowest, in 2017 (January 2018)
- Union membership rates by state in 2016 (February 2017)
- Union membership rate 10.7 percent in 2016 (February 2017)
- Union membership in the United States, Spotlight on Statistics (September 2016)
- Government, utilities, and transportation and warehousing had highest unionization rates in 2015 (February 2016)
- Union membership rates by state, 2015 (February 2016)
- Union membership by state in 2014 (February 2015)
- Union membership rate in private industry was 6.6 percent in 2014; public sector 35.7 percent (January 2015)
- Union membership rate 11.3 percent in 2013, the same as in 2012 (January 2014)
- Union membership declines in 2012 (January 2013)
- Union membership, 2011 (January 2012)
- Union membership declines in 2010 (January 2011)
- Union membership declines in 2009 (February 2010)
- Union membership by state, 2008 (February 2009)
- Union membership in 2008 (January 2009)
- Union members in 2007: a visual essay (PDF)
- Special: C-SPAN program features BLS union membership data (March 2015)
Work at home
These data, which measure persons who work at home as part of their job, come from a special supplemental survey last conducted in May 2004.
See also Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic for a measure of people who teleworked because of the coronavirus pandemic.
Work experience during the year
Data measure employment and unemployment experience throughout the calendar year. See Tenure for how long people have worked for their current employer.
Work schedules (flexible and shift schedules)
These data, which measure flexible schedules and shift work among full-time wage and salary workers, come from a special supplemental survey last conducted in May 2004.
Worklife estimates
BLS has not produced worklife estimates since February 1986. This report contains estimates of the number of years individuals would spend in the labor force based on mortality conditions, labor force entry and exit rates, and demographic characteristics.
- Report: Worklife Estimates: Effects of Race and Education (February 1986) (PDF)
Last Modified Date: July 1, 2022