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Employment Projections

Education and training assignments by detailed occupation

Other available formats: (XLSX)

Table 5.4 Education and training assignments by detailed occupation, 2018

2018 National Employment Matrix title and code

Typical education needed for entry

Work experience in a related occupation

Typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation

Chief executives

11-1011

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

General and operations managers

11-1021

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Legislators

11-1031

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Advertising and promotions managers

11-2011

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Marketing managers

11-2021

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Sales managers

11-2022

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Public relations and fundraising managers

11-2031

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Administrative services managers

11-3011

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Computer and information systems managers

11-3021

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Financial managers

11-3031

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Industrial production managers

11-3051

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Purchasing managers

11-3061

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

High school diploma or equivalent

5 years or more

None

Compensation and benefits managers

11-3111

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Human resources managers

11-3121

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Training and development managers

11-3131

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

11-9013

High school diploma or equivalent

5 years or more

None

Construction managers

11-9021

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Education administrators, preschool and childcare center/program

11-9031

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Education administrators, elementary and secondary school

11-9032

Master's degree

5 years or more

None

Education administrators, postsecondary

11-9033

Master's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Education administrators, all other

11-9039

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Architectural and engineering managers

11-9041

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Food service managers

11-9051

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Funeral service managers

11-9061

Associate's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Gaming managers

11-9071

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Lodging managers

11-9081

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Natural sciences managers

11-9121

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Postmasters and mail superintendents

11-9131

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Property, real estate, and community association managers

11-9141

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Social and community service managers

11-9151

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Emergency management directors

11-9161

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Managers, all other

11-9199

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

13-1011

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators

13-1031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Insurance appraisers, auto damage

13-1032

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Compliance officers

13-1041

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Cost estimators

13-1051

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Human resources specialists

13-1071

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Farm labor contractors

13-1074

No formal educational credential

Less than 5 years

Short-term on-the-job training

Labor relations specialists

13-1075

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Logisticians

13-1081

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Management analysts

13-1111

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Meeting, convention, and event planners

13-1121

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Fundraisers

13-1131

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

13-1141

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Training and development specialists

13-1151

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

13-1161

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Business operations specialists, all other

13-1199

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Accountants and auditors

13-2011

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Appraisers and assessors of real estate

13-2021

Bachelor's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Budget analysts

13-2031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Credit analysts

13-2041

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Financial analysts

13-2051

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Personal financial advisors

13-2052

Bachelor's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Insurance underwriters

13-2053

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Financial examiners

13-2061

Bachelor's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Credit counselors

13-2071

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Loan officers

13-2072

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

13-2081

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tax preparers

13-2082

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Financial specialists, all other

13-2099

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Computer and information research scientists

15-1111

Master's degree

None

None

Computer systems analysts

15-1121

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Information security analysts

15-1122

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Computer programmers

15-1131

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Software developers, applications

15-1132

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Software developers, systems software

15-1133

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Web developers

15-1134

Associate's degree

None

None

Database administrators

15-1141

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Network and computer systems administrators

15-1142

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Computer network architects

15-1143

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Computer user support specialists

15-1151

Some college, no degree

None

None

Computer network support specialists

15-1152

Associate's degree

None

None

Computer occupations, all other

15-1199

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Actuaries

15-2011

Bachelor's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Mathematicians

15-2021

Master's degree

None

None

Operations research analysts

15-2031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Statisticians

15-2041

Master's degree

None

None

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations

15-2090

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Architects, except landscape and naval

17-1011

Bachelor's degree

None

Internship/residency

Landscape architects

17-1012

Bachelor's degree

None

Internship/residency

Cartographers and photogrammetrists

17-1021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Surveyors

17-1022

Bachelor's degree

None

Internship/residency

Aerospace engineers

17-2011

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Agricultural engineers

17-2021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Biomedical engineers

17-2031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Chemical engineers

17-2041

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Civil engineers

17-2051

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Computer hardware engineers

17-2061

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Electrical engineers

17-2071

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Electronics engineers, except computer

17-2072

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Environmental engineers

17-2081

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors

17-2111

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Industrial engineers

17-2112

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Marine engineers and naval architects

17-2121

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Materials engineers

17-2131

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Mechanical engineers

17-2141

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

17-2151

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Nuclear engineers

17-2161

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Petroleum engineers

17-2171

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Engineers, all other

17-2199

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Architectural and civil drafters

17-3011

Associate's degree

None

None

Electrical and electronics drafters

17-3012

Associate's degree

None

None

Mechanical drafters

17-3013

Associate's degree

None

None

Drafters, all other

17-3019

Associate's degree

None

None

Aerospace engineering and operations technicians

17-3021

Associate's degree

None

None

Civil engineering technicians

17-3022

Associate's degree

None

None

Electrical and electronics engineering technicians

17-3023

Associate's degree

None

None

Electro-mechanical technicians

17-3024

Associate's degree

None

None

Environmental engineering technicians

17-3025

Associate's degree

None

None

Industrial engineering technicians

17-3026

Associate's degree

None

None

Mechanical engineering technicians

17-3027

Associate's degree

None

None

Engineering technicians, except drafters, all other

17-3029

Associate's degree

None

None

Surveying and mapping technicians

17-3031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Animal scientists

19-1011

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Food scientists and technologists

19-1012

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Soil and plant scientists

19-1013

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Biochemists and biophysicists

19-1021

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Microbiologists

19-1022

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Zoologists and wildlife biologists

19-1023

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Biological scientists, all other

19-1029

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Conservation scientists

19-1031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Foresters

19-1032

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Epidemiologists

19-1041

Master's degree

None

None

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Life scientists, all other

19-1099

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Astronomers

19-2011

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Physicists

19-2012

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Atmospheric and space scientists

19-2021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Chemists

19-2031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Materials scientists

19-2032

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

19-2041

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers

19-2042

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Hydrologists

19-2043

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Physical scientists, all other

19-2099

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Economists

19-3011

Master's degree

None

None

Survey researchers

19-3022

Master's degree

None

None

Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists

19-3031

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Industrial-organizational psychologists

19-3032

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Psychologists, all other

19-3039

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Sociologists

19-3041

Master's degree

None

None

Urban and regional planners

19-3051

Master's degree

None

None

Anthropologists and archeologists

19-3091

Master's degree

None

None

Geographers

19-3092

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Historians

19-3093

Master's degree

None

None

Political scientists

19-3094

Master's degree

None

None

Social scientists and related workers, all other

19-3099

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Agricultural and food science technicians

19-4011

Associate's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Biological technicians

19-4021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Chemical technicians

19-4031

Associate's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Geological and petroleum technicians

19-4041

Associate's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Nuclear technicians

19-4051

Associate's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Social science research assistants

19-4061

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Environmental science and protection technicians, including health

19-4091

Associate's degree

None

None

Forensic science technicians

19-4092

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Forest and conservation technicians

19-4093

Associate's degree

None

None

Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other

19-4099

Associate's degree

None

None

Educational, guidance, school, and vocational counselors

21-1012

Master's degree

None

None

Marriage and family therapists

21-1013

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Rehabilitation counselors

21-1015

Master's degree

None

None

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors

21-1018

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Counselors, all other

21-1019

Master's degree

None

None

Child, family, and school social workers

21-1021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Healthcare social workers

21-1022

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Mental health and substance abuse social workers

21-1023

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Social workers, all other

21-1029

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Health educators

21-1091

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

21-1092

Bachelor's degree

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Social and human service assistants

21-1093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Community health workers

21-1094

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Community and social service specialists, all other

21-1099

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Clergy

21-2011

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Directors, religious activities and education

21-2021

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Religious workers, all other

21-2099

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Lawyers

23-1011

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Judicial law clerks

23-1012

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers

23-1021

Doctoral or professional degree

5 years or more

Short-term on-the-job training

Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators

23-1022

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates

23-1023

Doctoral or professional degree

5 years or more

Short-term on-the-job training

Paralegals and legal assistants

23-2011

Associate's degree

None

None

Court reporters

23-2091

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers

23-2093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Legal support workers, all other

23-2099

Associate's degree

None

None

Business teachers, postsecondary

25-1011

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Computer science teachers, postsecondary

25-1021

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary

25-1022

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Architecture teachers, postsecondary

25-1031

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Engineering teachers, postsecondary

25-1032

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary

25-1041

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Biological science teachers, postsecondary

25-1042

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary

25-1043

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary

25-1051

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Chemistry teachers, postsecondary

25-1052

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Environmental science teachers, postsecondary

25-1053

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Physics teachers, postsecondary

25-1054

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary

25-1061

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary

25-1062

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Economics teachers, postsecondary

25-1063

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Geography teachers, postsecondary

25-1064

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Political science teachers, postsecondary

25-1065

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Psychology teachers, postsecondary

25-1066

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Sociology teachers, postsecondary

25-1067

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other

25-1069

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071

Doctoral or professional degree

Less than 5 years

None

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072

Doctoral or professional degree

Less than 5 years

None

Education teachers, postsecondary

25-1081

Doctoral or professional degree

Less than 5 years

None

Library science teachers, postsecondary

25-1082

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary

25-1111

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Law teachers, postsecondary

25-1112

Doctoral or professional degree

Less than 5 years

None

Social work teachers, postsecondary

25-1113

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary

25-1121

Master's degree

None

None

Communications teachers, postsecondary

25-1122

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

English language and literature teachers, postsecondary

25-1123

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary

25-1124

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

History teachers, postsecondary

25-1125

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary

25-1126

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Graduate teaching assistants

25-1191

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Home economics teachers, postsecondary

25-1192

Master's degree

None

None

Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary

25-1193

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Vocational education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Postsecondary teachers, all other

25-1199

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Preschool teachers, except special education

25-2011

Associate's degree

None

None

Kindergarten teachers, except special education

25-2012

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Elementary school teachers, except special education

25-2021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Middle school teachers, except special and career/technical education

25-2022

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Career/technical education teachers, middle school

25-2023

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Secondary school teachers, except special and career/technical education

25-2031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Career/technical education teachers, secondary school

25-2032

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Special education teachers, preschool

25-2051

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Special education teachers, kindergarten and elementary school

25-2052

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Special education teachers, middle school

25-2053

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Special education teachers, secondary school

25-2054

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Special education teachers, all other

25-2059

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Adult basic and secondary education and literacy teachers and instructors

25-3011

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Self-enrichment education teachers

25-3021

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Teachers and Instructors, All Other, Except Substitute Teachers

25-3097

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Substitute Teachers

25-3098

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Archivists

25-4011

Master's degree

None

None

Curators

25-4012

Master's degree

None

None

Museum technicians and conservators

25-4013

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Librarians

25-4021

Master's degree

None

None

Library technicians

25-4031

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Audio-visual and multimedia collections specialists

25-9011

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Farm and home management advisors

25-9021

Master's degree

None

None

Instructional coordinators

25-9031

Master's degree

5 years or more

None

Teacher assistants

25-9041

Some college, no degree

None

None

Education, training, and library workers, all other

25-9099

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Art directors

27-1011

Bachelor's degree

5 years or more

None

Craft artists

27-1012

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators

27-1013

Bachelor's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Multimedia artists and animators

27-1014

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Artists and related workers, all other

27-1019

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Commercial and industrial designers

27-1021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Fashion designers

27-1022

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Floral designers

27-1023

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Graphic designers

27-1024

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Interior designers

27-1025

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers

27-1026

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Set and exhibit designers

27-1027

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Designers, all other

27-1029

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Actors

27-2011

Some college, no degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Producers and directors

27-2012

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Athletes and sports competitors

27-2021

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Coaches and scouts

27-2022

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials

27-2023

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Dancers

27-2031

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Choreographers

27-2032

High school diploma or equivalent

5 years or more

Long-term on-the-job training

Music directors and composers

27-2041

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Musicians and singers

27-2042

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

27-2099

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Radio and television announcers

27-3011

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Public address system and other announcers

27-3012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Broadcast news analysts

27-3021

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Reporters and correspondents

27-3022

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Public relations specialists

27-3031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Editors

27-3041

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Technical writers

27-3042

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

Short-term on-the-job training

Writers and authors

27-3043

Bachelor's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Interpreters and translators

27-3091

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Media and communication workers, all other

27-3099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Audio and video equipment technicians

27-4011

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Broadcast technicians

27-4012

Associate's degree

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Radio operators

27-4013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Sound engineering technicians

27-4014

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Photographers

27-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture

27-4031

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Film and video editors

27-4032

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

27-4099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Chiropractors

29-1011

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Dentists, general

29-1021

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons

29-1022

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Orthodontists

29-1023

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Prosthodontists

29-1024

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Dentists, all other specialists

29-1029

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Dietitians and nutritionists

29-1031

Bachelor's degree

None

Internship/residency

Optometrists

29-1041

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Pharmacists

29-1051

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Anesthesiologists

29-1061

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Family and general practitioners

29-1062

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Internists, general

29-1063

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Obstetricians and gynecologists

29-1064

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Pediatricians, general

29-1065

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Psychiatrists

29-1066

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Surgeons

29-1067

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Physicians and surgeons, all other

29-1069

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Physician assistants

29-1071

Master's degree

None

None

Podiatrists

29-1081

Doctoral or professional degree

None

Internship/residency

Occupational therapists

29-1122

Master's degree

None

None

Physical therapists

29-1123

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Radiation therapists

29-1124

Associate's degree

None

None

Recreational therapists

29-1125

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Respiratory therapists

29-1126

Associate's degree

None

None

Speech-language pathologists

29-1127

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Exercise physiologists

29-1128

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Therapists, all other

29-1129

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Veterinarians

29-1131

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Registered nurses

29-1141

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151

Master's degree

None

None

Nurse midwives

29-1161

Master's degree

None

None

Nurse practitioners

29-1171

Master's degree

None

None

Audiologists

29-1181

Doctoral or professional degree

None

None

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other

29-1199

Master's degree

None

None

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

29-2010

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Dental hygienists

29-2021

Associate's degree

None

None

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians

29-2031

Associate's degree

None

None

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032

Associate's degree

None

None

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033

Associate's degree

None

None

Radiologic technologists

29-2034

Associate's degree

None

None

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

Associate's degree

Less than 5 years

None

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics

29-2041

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Dietetic technicians

29-2051

Associate's degree

None

None

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Psychiatric technicians

29-2053

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

Short-term on-the-job training

Respiratory therapy technicians

29-2054

Associate's degree

None

None

Surgical technologists

29-2055

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Veterinary technologists and technicians

29-2056

Associate's degree

None

None

Ophthalmic medical technicians

29-2057

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

29-2061

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Medical records and health information technicians

29-2071

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Opticians, dispensing

29-2081

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Orthotists and prosthetists

29-2091

Master's degree

None

Internship/residency

Hearing aid specialists

29-2092

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Health technologists and technicians, all other

29-2099

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Occupational health and safety specialists

29-9011

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Occupational health and safety technicians

29-9012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Athletic trainers

29-9091

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Genetic counselors

29-9092

Master's degree

None

None

Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other

29-9099

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Home health aides

31-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Psychiatric aides

31-1013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Nursing assistants

31-1014

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Orderlies

31-1015

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011

Associate's degree

None

None

Occupational therapy aides

31-2012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021

Associate's degree

None

None

Physical therapist aides

31-2022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Massage therapists

31-9011

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Dental assistants

31-9091

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Medical assistants

31-9092

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Medical equipment preparers

31-9093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Pharmacy aides

31-9095

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

31-9096

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Phlebotomists

31-9097

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Healthcare support workers, all other

31-9099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

None

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

33-1012

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers

33-1021

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

33-1099

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Firefighters

33-2011

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Fire inspectors and investigators

33-2021

Postsecondary nondegree award

5 years or more

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists

33-2022

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Bailiffs

33-3011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Detectives and criminal investigators

33-3021

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Fish and game wardens

33-3031

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Parking enforcement workers

33-3041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Police and sheriff's patrol officers

33-3051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Transit and railroad police

33-3052

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Animal control workers

33-9011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Private detectives and investigators

33-9021

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators

33-9031

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Security guards

33-9032

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Crossing guards

33-9091

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers

33-9092

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Transportation security screeners

33-9093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Protective service workers, all other

33-9099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Chefs and head cooks

35-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

5 years or more

None

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Cooks, fast food

35-2011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cooks, institution and cafeteria

35-2012

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cooks, private household

35-2013

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

None

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014

No formal educational credential

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Cooks, short order

35-2015

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cooks, all other

35-2019

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Food preparation workers

35-2021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Bartenders

35-3011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food

35-3021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop

35-3022

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Waiters and waitresses

35-3031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Food servers, nonrestaurant

35-3041

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

35-9011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Dishwashers

35-9021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

35-9031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

35-9099

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

37-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

37-1012

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2012

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Building cleaning workers, all other

37-2019

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Pest control workers

37-2021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

37-3011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation

37-3012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tree trimmers and pruners

37-3013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Grounds maintenance workers, all other

37-3019

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of gaming workers

39-1010

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

First-line supervisors of personal service workers

39-1021

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Animal trainers

39-2011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Nonfarm animal caretakers

39-2021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Gaming dealers

39-3011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Gaming and sports book writers and runners

39-3012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Gaming service workers, all other

39-3019

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Motion picture projectionists

39-3021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

39-3031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Amusement and recreation attendants

39-3091

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Costume attendants

39-3092

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants

39-3093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other

39-3099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Embalmers

39-4011

Associate's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Funeral attendants

39-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors

39-4031

Associate's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Barbers

39-5011

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

39-5012

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Makeup artists, theatrical and performance

39-5091

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Manicurists and pedicurists

39-5092

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Shampooers

39-5093

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Skincare specialists

39-5094

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Baggage porters and bellhops

39-6011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Concierges

39-6012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tour and travel guides

39-7010

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Childcare workers

39-9011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Personal care aides

39-9021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors

39-9031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Recreation workers

39-9032

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Residential advisors

39-9041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Personal care and service workers, all other

39-9099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

41-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

41-1012

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Cashiers

41-2011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Gaming change persons and booth cashiers

41-2012

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Counter and rental clerks

41-2021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Parts salespersons

41-2022

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Retail salespersons

41-2031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Advertising sales agents

41-3011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Insurance sales agents

41-3021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

41-3031

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Travel agents

41-3041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sales representatives, services, all other

41-3099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products

41-4011

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products

41-4012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Demonstrators and product promoters

41-9011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Models

41-9012

No formal educational credential

None

None

Real estate brokers

41-9021

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Real estate sales agents

41-9022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sales engineers

41-9031

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Telemarketers

41-9041

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

41-9091

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Sales and related workers, all other

41-9099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

None

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Switchboard operators, including answering service

43-2011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Telephone operators

43-2021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Communications equipment operators, all other

43-2099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Some college, no degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Gaming cage workers

43-3041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

43-3051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Procurement clerks

43-3061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tellers

43-3071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Financial clerks, all other

43-3099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Brokerage clerks

43-4011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Correspondence clerks

43-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Court, municipal, and license clerks

43-4031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

43-4041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Customer service representatives

43-4051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

43-4061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

File clerks

43-4071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

43-4081

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Loan interviewers and clerks

43-4131

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

New accounts clerks

43-4141

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Order clerks

43-4151

Some college, no degree

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

43-4161

Associate's degree

None

None

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

43-4181

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Information and record clerks, all other

43-4199

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cargo and freight agents

43-5011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Couriers and messengers

43-5021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers

43-5031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Meter readers, utilities

43-5041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Postal service clerks

43-5051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Postal service mail carriers

43-5052

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

43-5053

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

43-5061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks

43-5071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Stock clerks and order fillers

43-5081

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

43-5111

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Legal secretaries

43-6012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Medical secretaries

43-6013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Computer operators

43-9011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Data entry keyers

43-9021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Word processors and typists

43-9022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Desktop publishers

43-9031

Associate's degree

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

43-9051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Office clerks, general

43-9061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Office machine operators, except computer

43-9071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Proofreaders and copy markers

43-9081

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Statistical assistants

43-9111

Bachelor's degree

None

None

Office and administrative support workers, all other

43-9199

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

45-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Agricultural inspectors

45-2011

Bachelor's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Animal breeders

45-2021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

45-2041

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse

45-2092

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals

45-2093

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Agricultural workers, all other

45-2099

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Fishing and hunting workers

45-3000

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Forest and conservation workers

45-4011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Fallers

45-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Logging equipment operators

45-4022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Log graders and scalers

45-4023

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Logging workers, all other

45-4029

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

5 years or more

None

Boilermakers

47-2011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Stonemasons

47-2022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Carpenters

47-2031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Carpet installers

47-2041

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles

47-2042

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Floor sanders and finishers

47-2043

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tile and marble setters

47-2044

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Terrazzo workers and finishers

47-2053

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Construction laborers

47-2061

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

47-2071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Pile-driver operators

47-2072

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

47-2073

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Drywall and ceiling tile installers

47-2081

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tapers

47-2082

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Electricians

47-2111

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Glaziers

47-2121

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall

47-2131

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Insulation workers, mechanical

47-2132

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Painters, construction and maintenance

47-2141

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Paperhangers

47-2142

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Pipelayers

47-2151

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

47-2152

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Plasterers and stucco masons

47-2161

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

47-2171

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Roofers

47-2181

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sheet metal workers

47-2211

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Structural iron and steel workers

47-2221

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters

47-3011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Helpers--carpenters

47-3012

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Helpers--electricians

47-3013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons

47-3014

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

47-3015

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Helpers--roofers

47-3016

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Helpers, construction trades, all other

47-3019

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011

High school diploma or equivalent

5 years or more

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Elevator installers and repairers

47-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Fence erectors

47-4031

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Hazardous materials removal workers

47-4041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Highway maintenance workers

47-4051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

47-4061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

47-4071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

47-4090

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Derrick operators, oil and gas

47-5011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Rotary drill operators, oil and gas

47-5012

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining

47-5013

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

47-5021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

47-5031

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Long-term on-the-job training

Continuous mining machine operators

47-5041

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Mine cutting and channeling machine operators

47-5042

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Mining machine operators, all other

47-5049

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Rock splitters, quarry

47-5051

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Roof bolters, mining

47-5061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Roustabouts, oil and gas

47-5071

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Helpers--extraction workers

47-5081

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Extraction workers, all other

47-5099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

49-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

49-2011

Some college, no degree

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021

Associate's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers

49-2022

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Avionics technicians

49-2091

Associate's degree

None

None

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

49-2092

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment

49-2094

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay

49-2095

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers

49-2097

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Security and fire alarm systems installers

49-2098

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

49-3011

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Automotive body and related repairers

49-3021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Automotive glass installers and repairers

49-3022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians

49-3041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines

49-3042

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Rail car repairers

49-3043

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Motorboat mechanics and service technicians

49-3051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Motorcycle mechanics

49-3052

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics

49-3053

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Bicycle repairers

49-3091

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Recreational vehicle service technicians

49-3092

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Tire repairers and changers

49-3093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Mechanical door repairers

49-9011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door

49-9012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

49-9021

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Home appliance repairers

49-9031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Millwrights

49-9044

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons

49-9045

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

49-9051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

49-9052

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Camera and photographic equipment repairers

49-9061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062

Associate's degree

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Musical instrument repairers and tuners

49-9063

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Apprenticeship

Watch repairers

49-9064

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other

49-9069

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Maintenance and repair workers, general

49-9071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

49-9091

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Commercial divers

49-9092

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Fabric menders, except garment

49-9093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Locksmiths and safe repairers

49-9094

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

49-9095

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Riggers

49-9096

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Signal and track switch repairers

49-9097

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

49-9098

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other

49-9099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

51-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

51-2011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2028

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Engine and other machine assemblers

51-2031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

51-2041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Fiberglass laminators and fabricators

51-2091

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Timing device assemblers and adjusters

51-2093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Assemblers and fabricators, all other, including team assemblers

51-2098

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Bakers

51-3011

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Butchers and meat cutters

51-3021

No formal educational credential

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers

51-3022

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Slaughterers and meat packers

51-3023

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

51-3091

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Food batchmakers

51-3092

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

51-3093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Food processing workers, all other

51-3099

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic

51-4011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Computer numerically controlled machine tool programmers, metal and plastic

51-4012

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4023

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4032

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4033

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4034

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4035

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Machinists

51-4041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders

51-4051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Pourers and casters, metal

51-4052

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Model makers, metal and plastic

51-4061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Patternmakers, metal and plastic

51-4062

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Foundry mold and coremakers

51-4071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4072

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4081

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers

51-4121

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-4122

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4191

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4193

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

51-4199

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Prepress technicians and workers

51-5111

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

None

Printing press operators

51-5112

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Print binding and finishing workers

51-5113

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

51-6011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

51-6021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Sewing machine operators

51-6031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Shoe and leather workers and repairers

51-6041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Shoe machine operators and tenders

51-6042

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Sewers, hand

51-6051

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers

51-6052

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders

51-6061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6062

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6063

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6064

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers

51-6091

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Fabric and apparel patternmakers

51-6092

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Upholsterers

51-6093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other

51-6099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

51-7011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Furniture finishers

51-7021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Model makers, wood

51-7031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Patternmakers, wood

51-7032

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

51-7041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

51-7042

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Woodworkers, all other

51-7099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Nuclear power reactor operators

51-8011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Power distributors and dispatchers

51-8012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Power plant operators

51-8013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

51-8021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

51-8031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Gas plant operators

51-8092

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers

51-8093

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Plant and system operators, all other

51-8099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Grinding and polishing workers, hand

51-9022

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Cutters and trimmers, hand

51-9031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

51-9051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

51-9071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Dental laboratory technicians

51-9081

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Medical appliance technicians

51-9082

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians

51-9083

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9121

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Painters, transportation equipment

51-9122

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Painting, coating, and decorating workers

51-9123

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Semiconductor processors

51-9141

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

51-9151

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

51-9191

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders

51-9192

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders

51-9193

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Etchers and engravers

51-9194

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

51-9195

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9196

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Tire builders

51-9197

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Helpers--production workers

51-9198

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Production workers, all other

51-9199

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Aircraft cargo handling supervisors

53-1011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

First-Line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors

53-1048

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

None

Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers

53-2011

Bachelor's degree

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Commercial pilots

53-2012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Air traffic controllers

53-2021

Associate's degree

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Airfield operations specialists

53-2022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Long-term on-the-job training

Flight attendants

53-2031

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

53-3011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Bus drivers, transit and intercity

53-3021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Bus drivers, school or special client

53-3022

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Driver/sales workers

53-3031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032

Postsecondary nondegree award

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Light truck or delivery services drivers

53-3033

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs

53-3041

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Motor vehicle operators, all other

53-3099

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Locomotive engineers

53-4011

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Locomotive firers

53-4012

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers

53-4013

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators

53-4021

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

53-4031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Subway and streetcar operators

53-4041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Rail transportation workers, all other

53-4099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Sailors and marine oilers

53-5011

No formal educational credential

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels

53-5021

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

None

Motorboat operators

53-5022

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

None

Ship engineers

53-5031

Postsecondary nondegree award

Less than 5 years

None

Bridge and lock tenders

53-6011

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Parking lot attendants

53-6021

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

53-6031

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Traffic technicians

53-6041

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Transportation inspectors

53-6051

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants

53-6061

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Transportation workers, all other

53-6099

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Crane and tower operators

53-7021

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Dredge operators

53-7031

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators

53-7032

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Loading machine operators, underground mining

53-7033

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Hoist and winch operators

53-7041

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Industrial truck and tractor operators

53-7051

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

53-7061

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

53-7062

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Machine feeders and offbearers

53-7063

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators

53-7071

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers

53-7072

High school diploma or equivalent

None

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Wellhead pumpers

53-7073

High school diploma or equivalent

Less than 5 years

Moderate-term on-the-job training

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Mine shuttle car operators

53-7111

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders

53-7121

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Material moving workers, all other

53-7199

No formal educational credential

None

Short-term on-the-job training

Source: Employment Projections program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
For more information see Education and Training Data

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Last Modified Date: September 4, 2019