Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL 21-1929
8:30 a.m. (ET) Thursday, September 07, 2023
Technical information: (202) 691-5606 • Productivity@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/lpc
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS
Third Quarter 2023, Preliminary
Nonfarm business sector labor productivity decreased 5.0 percent in the third quarter of 2021, the
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today, as output increased 1.7 percent and hours worked
increased 7.0 percent. This is the lowest rate of quarterly productivity growth since the second quarter
of 1981, when the measure decreased 5.1 percent. (All quarterly percent changes in this release are
seasonally adjusted annual rates.) From the third quarter of 2020 to the third quarter of 2021, nonfarm
business sector labor productivity decreased 0.5 percent. The four-quarter rate is the lowest rate since
the third quarter of 2011, when the measure also declined 0.5 percent (See table A1.) //PROD2 Resilio Test ZUNI3 11212024/
Unit labor costs in the nonfarm business sector increased at an annual rate of 8.3 percent in the third
quarter of 2021, reflecting a 2.9-percent increase in hourly compensation and a 5.0-percent decrease in
productivity. Unit labor costs increased 4.8 percent over the last four quarters. (See table A1.) BLS
calculates unit labor costs as the ratio of hourly compensation to labor productivity. Increases in hourly
compensation tend to increase unit labor costs and increases in productivity tend to reduce them.
Labor productivity, or output per hour, is calculated by dividing an index of real output by an index of
hours worked by all persons, including employees, proprietors, and unpaid family workers. The third
quarter of 2021 is the fifth consecutive quarter with increases in both output and hours worked,
following historic declines in those measures in the second quarter of 2020. The output index is now 1.8
percent above the level seen in the fourth quarter of 2019, the last quarter not affected by the COVID-19
pandemic, while the hours worked index remains 1.0 percent below its fourth quarter 2019 level. (See
tables A1 and 2.)
The nonfarm business labor productivity index is 2.9 percent higher in third-quarter 2021 than it was in
fourth-quarter 2019, corresponding to an average annual growth rate of 1.6 percent during the pandemic
period of fourth quarter 2019 through third quarter 2021. This rate is slightly higher than the 1.4-percent
average annual growth rate during the previous business cycle--from 2007 to 2019--but below the long-
term average rate since 1947 of 2.1 percent.
Manufacturing sector labor productivity decreased 1.0 percent in the third quarter of 2021, as output
increased 5.7 percent and hours worked increased 6.7 percent. In the durable manufacturing sector,
productivity increased 1.4 percent, with a 9.9-percent increase in output and an 8.4-percent increase in
hours worked. Nondurable manufacturing sector productivity decreased 2.6 percent, as output (+1.3
percent) grew slower than hours worked (+4.0 percent). Total manufacturing sector productivity
increased 2.4 percent from the same quarter a year ago. (See tables A1, 3, 4, and 5.)
Manufacturing sector output is now 1.1 percent above its level in the fourth quarter of 2019, the last
quarter not affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Hours worked in manufacturing remain 3.3 percent
below the fourth-quarter 2019 level. The manufacturing labor productivity index is now 4.6 percent
higher than in fourth-quarter 2019, reflecting growth at a 2.6-percent annual rate during the pandemic
period of fourth quarter 2019 through third quarter 2021. This rate is much higher than the 0.2-percent
average annual growth rate during the previous business cycle--from 2007 to 2019--and is just above the
long-term rate of 2.3 percent per year from 1987 to 2020. (See tables A1 and 3.)
Unit labor costs in the total manufacturing sector increased 2.9 percent in the third quarter of 2021,
reflecting a 1.9-percent increase in hourly compensation and a 1.0-percent decrease in productivity.
Manufacturing unit labor costs increased 1.9 percent from the same quarter a year ago. (See tables A1
and 3.)
The concepts, sources, and methods used for the manufacturing output series differ from those used in
the business and nonfarm business output series; these output measures are not directly comparable. See
the Technical Notes for a more detailed explanation.
Revised measures
Revised and previous measures for the second quarter of 2021 are shown in tables A2 and B1, covering
the following major sectors: nonfarm business, business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporations.
In the second quarter of 2021, nonfarm business sector productivity was revised up, due primarily to
an upward revision to output, and increased 2.4 percent rather than 2.1 percent as reported September 2.
Unit labor costs increased 1.1 percent, slightly less than previously reported. (See table B1.)
Manufacturing sector productivity rose 8.5 percent in the second quarter; an upward revision of 0.5
percentage point that reflected both a 0.3-percentage point upward revision to output and a 0.2-percentage
point downward revision to hours worked. Durable manufacturing productivity grew 5.7 percent, 1.1
percentage point higher than the previous estimate. Nondurable manufacturing productivity grew 9.8
percent, slightly lower than the prior estimate. Unit labor costs in total manufacturing were revised down
0.5-percentage point and decreased 3.5 percent in the second quarter, reflecting the upward revision to
productivity.
Second-quarter 2021 measures of productivity and costs were revised for the nonfinancial corporate
sector. Productivity decreased 1.8 percent rather than decreasing 4.0 percent as previously reported
due to an upward revision to output; hours worked were not revised. Unit labor costs increased 5.7
percent rather than the preliminary estimate of 8.0 percent. (See table A2.)
Complete annual and quarterly data series can be found on the Productivity and Costs home page:
www.bls.gov/lpc/#data.
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The revised Productivity and Costs news release for third-quarter 2021 is scheduled to be released
on Tuesday, December 7, 2021 at 8:30 a.m. (ET).
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Table A1. Labor productivity growth and related measures - preliminary third-quarter 2021
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate and from same quarter a year ago)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector Percent change from: productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business Previous quarter -5.0 1.7 7.0 2.9 -3.5 8.3
A year ago -0.5 6.1 6.7 4.3 -1.0 4.8
Business Previous quarter -4.8 1.4 6.5 3.3 -3.1 8.5
A year ago -0.6 5.9 6.6 4.3 -0.9 5.0
Manufacturing Previous quarter -1.0 5.7 6.7 1.9 -4.5 2.9
A Year ago 2.4 6.3 3.8 4.3 -0.9 1.9
Durable Previous quarter 1.4 9.9 8.4 0.8 -5.5 -0.6
manufacturing A year ago 3.2 6.8 3.5 4.9 -0.3 1.7
Nondurable Previous quarter -2.6 1.3 4.0 3.5 -2.9 6.2
manufacturing A year ago 1.3 5.8 4.4 3.3 -1.9 2.0
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Table A2. Labor productivity growth and related measures - revised and previously published second-quarter 2021
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfinancial Revised -1.8 2.9 4.9 3.8 -4.3 5.7
corporate Previously published -4.0 0.7 4.9 3.7 -4.4 8.0
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Table B1. Labor productivity growth and related measures - revised and previously published second-quarter 2021
(percent change from previous quarter at annual rate)
Labor Hours Hourly Real hourly Unit labor
Sector productivity Output worked compensation compensation costs
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nonfarm business Revised 2.4 8.5 5.9 3.5 -4.6 1.1
Previously published 2.1 8.1 6.0 3.4 -4.6 1.3
Business Revised 2.6 8.2 5.4 3.9 -4.2 1.3
Previously published 2.4 7.9 5.4 3.9 -4.2 1.4
Manufacturing Revised 8.5 5.8 -2.5 4.7 -3.5 -3.5
Previously published 8.0 5.5 -2.3 4.7 -3.4 -3.0
Durable Revised 5.7 -0.1 -5.4 5.2 -3.0 -0.4
manufacturing Previously published 4.6 -0.9 -5.2 5.3 -2.9 0.7
Nondurable Revised 9.8 12.6 2.6 4.5 -3.6 -4.8
manufacturing Previously published 10.0 12.9 2.7 4.5 -3.6 -5.0
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United States Department of Labor
