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In 2019, 81.9 million workers age 16 and older in the United States were paid at hourly rates, representing 58.5 percent of all wage and salary workers. Among those paid by the hour, 434,000 workers earned exactly the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. About 1.3 million had wages below the federal minimum. Together, these 1.7 million workers with wages at or below the federal minimum made up 2.1 percent of all hourly paid workers.
The percentage of hourly paid workers earning the prevailing federal minimum wage or less edged down from 2.3 percent in 2017 to 2.1 percent in 2018. This remains well below the percentage of 13.4 recorded in 1979, when data were first collected on a regular basis. (See table 10.)
This report presents highlights and statistical tables describing workers who earned at or below the federal minimum wage in 2018. The data are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Information on earnings is collected from one-fourth of the CPS sample each month.
The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or by individual state or local minimum wage laws. The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage are based solely on the hourly wage they report, which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions. See the accompanying technical notes section for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.
The following are highlights from the 2018 data:
Age. Minimum wage workers tend to be young. Although workers under age 25 represented only about one-fifth of hourly paid workers, they made up just under half of those paid the federal minimum wage or less. Among employed teenagers (ages 16 to 19) paid by the hour, about 8 percent earned the minimum wage or less, compared with about 1 percent of workers age 25 and older. (See tables 1 and 7.)
Gender. Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2018, about 3 percent of women and about 2 percent of men had wages at or below the prevailing federal minimum. (See table 1.)
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The percentage of hourly paid workers with wages at or below the federal minimum differed little among the major race and ethnicity groups. About 3 percent of Black or African American workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among White, Asian, and Hispanic workers, the percentage was about 2 percent. (See table 1.)
Education. Among hourly paid workers age 16 and older, about 3 percent of those without a high school diploma earned the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 2 percent of those who had a high school diploma (with no college), about 2 percent of those with some college or an associate degree, and about 1 percent of college graduates. (See table 6.)
Marital status. Among workers paid an hourly wage, those who were never married, who tend to be young, were more likely (about 4 percent) than married workers (1 percent) to earn the federal minimum wage or less. (See table 8.)
Full- and part-time status. About 5 percent of part-time workers (people who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week) were paid the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 1 percent of full-time workers. (See table 1.)
Occupation. Among major occupational groups, service occupations had the highest percentage of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage, at about 6 percent. Just under three-fourths of workers earning the minimum wage or less in 2018 were employed in service occupations, mostly in food preparation and serving related jobs. (See table 4.)
Industry. The industry with the highest percentage of workers earning hourly wages at or below the federal minimum wage was leisure and hospitality (11 percent). About three-fifths of all workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage were employed in this industry, almost entirely in restaurants and other food services. For many of these workers, tips may supplement the hourly wages received. (See table 5.)
State of residence. The states with the highest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the minimum wage were in the South: Louisiana (about 5 percent) and South Carolina (about 4 percent). In the District of Columbia, about 4 percent of workers were paid at or below the federal minimum. The states with the lowest percentages of hourly paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage were in the West or Midwest: Alaska, Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington (all were less than 1 percent). It should be noted that more than half of states have minimum wages that exceed the federal minimum. (See tables 2 and 3.)
Characteristic | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Age and gender |
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Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
16 to 24 years |
15,963 | 805 | 271 | 534 | 19.5 | 47.1 | 62.5 | 41.8 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 3.3 |
16 to 19 years |
4,751 | 361 | 166 | 195 | 5.8 | 21.1 | 38.2 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 3.5 | 4.1 |
25 years and older |
65,952 | 905 | 163 | 742 | 80.5 | 52.9 | 37.5 | 58.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
Men, 16 years and older |
40,691 | 632 | 168 | 464 | 49.7 | 37.0 | 38.6 | 36.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
16 to 24 years |
7,994 | 301 | 115 | 186 | 9.8 | 17.6 | 26.6 | 14.6 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 2.3 |
16 to 19 years |
2,261 | 133 | 63 | 69 | 2.8 | 7.8 | 14.6 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 2.8 | 3.1 |
25 years and older |
32,698 | 331 | 52 | 278 | 39.9 | 19.3 | 12.1 | 21.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
Women, 16 years and older |
41,223 | 1,078 | 267 | 812 | 50.3 | 63.0 | 61.4 | 63.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
16 to 24 years |
7,969 | 504 | 156 | 348 | 9.7 | 29.4 | 35.9 | 27.2 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 4.4 |
16 to 19 years |
2,491 | 228 | 103 | 125 | 3.0 | 13.3 | 23.6 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 4.1 | 5.0 |
25 years and older |
33,254 | 575 | 110 | 464 | 40.6 | 33.6 | 25.4 | 36.4 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
Race and Hispanic |
|||||||||||
White(1) |
62,204 | 1,242 | 283 | 958 | 75.9 | 72.6 | 65.2 | 75.1 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
Men |
31,509 | 434 | 101 | 333 | 38.5 | 25.4 | 23.3 | 26.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 |
Women |
30,695 | 808 | 182 | 626 | 37.5 | 47.2 | 41.9 | 49.0 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
Black or African American(1) |
12,135 | 313 | 114 | 198 | 14.8 | 18.3 | 26.3 | 15.5 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.6 |
Men |
5,537 | 137 | 52 | 85 | 6.8 | 8.0 | 11.9 | 6.7 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
Women |
6,598 | 175 | 63 | 113 | 8.1 | 10.3 | 14.4 | 8.8 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Asian(1) |
4,130 | 69 | 16 | 53 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
Men |
1,909 | 23 | 6 | 17 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
Women |
2,221 | 46 | 10 | 36 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
Hispanic or Latino(1) |
17,452 | 324 | 78 | 246 | 21.3 | 18.9 | 18.1 | 19.2 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
Men |
9,543 | 131 | 26 | 105 | 11.7 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 |
Women |
7,909 | 194 | 52 | 141 | 9.7 | 11.3 | 12.1 | 11.1 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.8 |
Full- and part-time status |
|||||||||||
Full-time workers(2) |
61,650 | 742 | 121 | 621 | 75.3 | 43.4 | 27.8 | 48.7 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
Men |
33,736 | 288 | 45 | 244 | 41.2 | 16.9 | 10.3 | 19.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
Women |
27,913 | 454 | 76 | 377 | 34.1 | 26.5 | 17.6 | 29.6 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
Part-time workers(2) |
20,155 | 965 | 312 | 653 | 24.6 | 56.4 | 71.9 | 51.2 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 3.2 |
Men |
6,895 | 341 | 122 | 219 | 8.4 | 19.9 | 28.1 | 17.2 | 4.9 | 1.8 | 3.2 |
Women |
13,260 | 624 | 190 | 434 | 16.2 | 36.5 | 43.8 | 34.0 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 3.3 |
Footnotes |
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Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
Region and division | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Northeast |
13,443 | 272 | 69 | 203 | 16.4 | 15.9 | 16.0 | 15.9 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
New England |
3,863 | 76 | 6 | 70 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 5.5 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.8 |
Middle Atlantic |
9,580 | 196 | 63 | 133 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 14.5 | 10.4 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
Midwest |
19,182 | 360 | 73 | 287 | 23.4 | 21.1 | 16.9 | 22.5 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
East North Central |
13,044 | 261 | 50 | 211 | 15.9 | 15.3 | 11.5 | 16.6 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
West North Central |
6,138 | 99 | 23 | 76 | 7.5 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
South |
29,457 | 855 | 239 | 615 | 36.0 | 50.0 | 55.1 | 48.2 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 2.1 |
South Atlantic |
15,191 | 397 | 85 | 312 | 18.5 | 23.2 | 19.5 | 24.4 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
East South Central |
4,793 | 147 | 63 | 84 | 5.9 | 8.6 | 14.6 | 6.6 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
West South Central |
9,472 | 311 | 91 | 220 | 11.6 | 18.2 | 21.0 | 17.3 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 2.3 |
West |
19,832 | 223 | 52 | 171 | 24.2 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 13.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
Mountain |
6,458 | 99 | 25 | 74 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
Pacific |
13,374 | 124 | 27 | 96 | 16.3 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 7.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
State | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Alabama |
1,220 | 37 | 19 | 18 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Alaska |
198 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
Arizona |
1,901 | 20 | 3 | 17 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
Arkansas |
759 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
California |
9,798 | 93 | 23 | 70 | 12.0 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Colorado |
1,290 | 21 | 4 | 17 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 |
Connecticut |
937 | 15 | 1 | 15 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
Delaware |
265 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 |
District of Columbia |
121 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 2.6 |
Florida |
4,892 | 112 | 9 | 104 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 2.0 | 8.1 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.1 |
Georgia |
2,343 | 53 | 18 | 35 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
Hawaii |
353 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.9 |
Idaho |
485 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
Illinois |
3,277 | 55 | 8 | 47 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
Indiana |
1,954 | 52 | 16 | 36 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
Iowa |
949 | 20 | 6 | 15 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
Kansas |
805 | 17 | 7 | 11 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
Kentucky |
1,157 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Louisiana |
1,092 | 49 | 13 | 36 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 3.3 |
Maine |
360 | 7 | 0 | 6 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.7 |
Maryland |
1,400 | 31 | 4 | 26 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 1.9 |
Massachusetts |
1,709 | 32 | 2 | 30 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.8 |
Michigan |
2,780 | 46 | 6 | 40 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.4 |
Minnesota |
1,622 | 11 | 1 | 10 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Mississippi |
721 | 22 | 11 | 11 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 3.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Missouri |
1,669 | 34 | 8 | 26 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Montana |
300 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Nebraska |
588 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.5 |
Nevada |
944 | 13 | 4 | 8 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.9 |
New Hampshire |
391 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.3 | 2.7 |
New Jersey |
1,813 | 37 | 10 | 27 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
New Mexico |
530 | 15 | 2 | 13 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 0.3 | 2.5 |
New York |
4,339 | 63 | 8 | 55 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
North Carolina |
2,562 | 79 | 26 | 53 | 3.1 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 |
North Dakota |
228 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
Ohio |
3,224 | 66 | 5 | 61 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.9 |
Oklahoma |
945 | 24 | 9 | 16 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
Oregon |
1,094 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
Pennsylvania |
3,428 | 96 | 45 | 51 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
Rhode Island |
290 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
South Carolina |
1,162 | 48 | 15 | 33 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 2.8 |
South Dakota |
276 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
Tennessee |
1,696 | 58 | 24 | 34 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 2.0 |
Texas |
6,677 | 226 | 67 | 160 | 8.2 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 12.5 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 2.4 |
Utah |
847 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Vermont |
175 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 2.1 |
Virginia |
1,991 | 56 | 8 | 48 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 2.4 |
Washington |
1,931 | 13 | 1 | 12 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
West Virginia |
455 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
Wisconsin |
1,809 | 42 | 15 | 28 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
Wyoming |
161 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. These data are based on a sample and therefore are subject to sampling error; the degree of error may be quite large for less populous states. |
Occupation | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Management, professional, and related occupations |
19,040 | 90 | 26 | 64 | 23.2 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Management, business, and financial operations occupations |
5,725 | 27 | 2 | 24 | 7.0 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 |
Professional and related occupations |
13,314 | 63 | 24 | 39 | 16.3 | 3.7 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
Service occupations |
19,509 | 1,229 | 206 | 1,023 | 23.8 | 71.8 | 47.3 | 80.2 | 6.3 | 1.1 | 5.2 |
Healthcare support occupations |
2,997 | 50 | 5 | 45 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
Protective service occupations |
2,067 | 38 | 9 | 29 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
Food preparation and serving related occupations |
7,141 | 968 | 131 | 837 | 8.7 | 56.6 | 30.1 | 65.6 | 13.6 | 1.8 | 11.7 |
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations |
4,023 | 65 | 23 | 42 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.1 |
Personal care and service occupations |
3,281 | 108 | 37 | 71 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 8.6 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 2.2 |
Sales and office occupations |
20,183 | 226 | 150 | 75 | 24.6 | 13.2 | 34.6 | 5.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
Sales and related occupations |
8,046 | 140 | 105 | 35 | 9.8 | 8.2 | 24.1 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
Office and administrative support occupations |
12,137 | 86 | 46 | 40 | 14.8 | 5.0 | 10.5 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations |
9,369 | 39 | 8 | 32 | 11.4 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations |
754 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Construction and extraction occupations |
5,188 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 6.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations |
3,426 | 20 | 6 | 15 | 4.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations |
13,814 | 127 | 45 | 83 | 16.9 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 6.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
Production occupations |
6,981 | 43 | 17 | 26 | 8.5 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
Transportation and material moving occupations |
6,833 | 84 | 28 | 57 | 8.3 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
Industry | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Private sector |
72,234 | 1,622 | 403 | 1,219 | 88.2 | 94.8 | 92.7 | 95.6 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
Agriculture and related industries |
908 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Nonagricultural industries |
71,326 | 1,616 | 401 | 1,215 | 87.1 | 94.5 | 92.4 | 95.2 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 1.7 |
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction |
424 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
Construction |
5,502 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 6.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Manufacturing |
9,407 | 62 | 19 | 43 | 11.5 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Durable goods |
5,837 | 26 | 4 | 22 | 7.1 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Nondurable goods |
3,570 | 36 | 14 | 21 | 4.4 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 |
Wholesale and retail trade |
12,988 | 149 | 95 | 54 | 15.9 | 8.7 | 21.9 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
Wholesale trade |
1,686 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 |
Retail trade |
11,302 | 143 | 93 | 50 | 13.8 | 8.4 | 21.3 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
Transportation and utilities |
3,742 | 26 | 3 | 23 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
Information |
1,118 | 12 | 5 | 8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
Financial activities |
3,599 | 18 | 5 | 13 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Professional and business services |
6,812 | 80 | 21 | 59 | 8.3 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
Education and health services |
14,262 | 132 | 46 | 85 | 17.4 | 7.7 | 10.7 | 6.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
Leisure and hospitality |
9,959 | 1,049 | 181 | 868 | 12.2 | 61.3 | 41.7 | 68.0 | 10.5 | 1.8 | 8.7 |
Other services |
3,514 | 75 | 25 | 50 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
Public sector |
9,681 | 89 | 32 | 57 | 11.8 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 4.4 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
Federal |
1,853 | 12 | 3 | 9 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
State |
2,914 | 34 | 21 | 13 | 3.6 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 |
Local |
4,913 | 43 | 8 | 35 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
Educational attainment | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Less than a high school diploma |
9,579 | 330 | 170 | 160 | 11.7 | 19.3 | 39.0 | 12.6 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
Less than 1 year of high school |
2,657 | 39 | 13 | 26 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
1 to 3 years of high school |
5,548 | 242 | 140 | 102 | 6.8 | 14.1 | 32.2 | 8.0 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
4 years of high school, no diploma |
1,374 | 49 | 17 | 32 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 |
High school graduates or more |
72,335 | 1,381 | 265 | 1,116 | 88.3 | 80.7 | 61.0 | 87.4 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
High school graduates, no college |
27,305 | 538 | 112 | 426 | 33.3 | 31.5 | 25.8 | 33.4 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
Some college or associate degree |
28,012 | 606 | 128 | 478 | 34.2 | 35.4 | 29.5 | 37.4 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 1.7 |
Some college, no degree |
17,700 | 469 | 97 | 372 | 21.6 | 27.4 | 22.3 | 29.2 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 2.1 |
Associate degree |
10,312 | 137 | 31 | 106 | 12.6 | 8.0 | 7.2 | 8.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
Occupational program |
4,495 | 48 | 8 | 40 | 5.5 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
Academic program |
5,817 | 89 | 23 | 65 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.1 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
Bachelor's degree and higher |
17,019 | 237 | 25 | 212 | 20.8 | 13.8 | 5.6 | 16.6 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.2 |
Bachelor's degree |
13,145 | 198 | 18 | 179 | 16.0 | 11.5 | 4.2 | 14.0 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 |
Master's degree |
3,141 | 32 | 5 | 27 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
Professional degree |
335 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
Doctoral degree |
399 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
Age and gender | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total |
|||||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
16 to 24 years |
15,963 | 805 | 271 | 534 | 19.5 | 47.1 | 62.5 | 41.8 | 5.0 | 1.7 | 3.3 |
16 to 19 years |
4,751 | 361 | 166 | 195 | 5.8 | 21.1 | 38.2 | 15.3 | 7.6 | 3.5 | 4.1 |
20 to 24 years |
11,211 | 444 | 106 | 339 | 13.7 | 26.0 | 24.3 | 26.6 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 3.0 |
25 years and older |
65,952 | 905 | 163 | 742 | 80.5 | 52.9 | 37.5 | 58.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
25 to 34 years |
19,831 | 349 | 65 | 285 | 24.2 | 20.4 | 14.9 | 22.3 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
25 to 29 years |
10,891 | 217 | 43 | 174 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 9.9 | 13.6 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
30 to 34 years |
8,940 | 133 | 22 | 111 | 10.9 | 7.8 | 5.0 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
35 to 44 years |
15,181 | 219 | 38 | 181 | 18.5 | 12.8 | 8.7 | 14.2 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
35 to 39 years |
8,043 | 121 | 18 | 103 | 9.8 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 8.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
40 to 44 years |
7,138 | 98 | 20 | 78 | 8.7 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 |
45 to 54 years |
14,610 | 161 | 25 | 136 | 17.8 | 9.4 | 5.9 | 10.6 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
45 to 49 years |
7,313 | 88 | 13 | 75 | 8.9 | 5.2 | 3.0 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
50 to 54 years |
7,297 | 73 | 13 | 60 | 8.9 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
55 to 64 years |
12,303 | 116 | 18 | 98 | 15.0 | 6.8 | 4.1 | 7.7 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
55 to 59 years |
7,123 | 66 | 7 | 59 | 8.7 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
60 to 64 years |
5,180 | 50 | 11 | 39 | 6.3 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
65 years and older |
4,027 | 60 | 17 | 43 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
65 to 69 years |
2,300 | 38 | 10 | 28 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
70 years and older |
1,727 | 22 | 6 | 15 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 |
Men |
|||||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
40,691 | 632 | 168 | 464 | 49.7 | 37.0 | 38.6 | 36.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
16 to 24 years |
7,994 | 301 | 115 | 186 | 9.8 | 17.6 | 26.6 | 14.6 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 2.3 |
16 to 19 years |
2,261 | 133 | 63 | 69 | 2.8 | 7.8 | 14.6 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 2.8 | 3.1 |
20 to 24 years |
5,733 | 169 | 52 | 117 | 7.0 | 9.9 | 12.0 | 9.1 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
25 years and older |
32,698 | 331 | 52 | 278 | 39.9 | 19.3 | 12.1 | 21.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
25 to 34 years |
10,371 | 132 | 17 | 115 | 12.7 | 7.7 | 3.9 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
25 to 29 years |
5,717 | 81 | 14 | 67 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
30 to 34 years |
4,654 | 51 | 3 | 48 | 5.7 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 |
35 to 44 years |
7,748 | 89 | 17 | 72 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
35 to 39 years |
4,153 | 52 | 11 | 41 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
40 to 44 years |
3,595 | 37 | 6 | 31 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
45 to 54 years |
6,966 | 56 | 10 | 46 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
45 to 49 years |
3,507 | 33 | 5 | 27 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
50 to 54 years |
3,459 | 23 | 4 | 19 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
55 to 64 years |
5,761 | 41 | 6 | 34 | 7.0 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
55 to 59 years |
3,366 | 28 | 4 | 24 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
60 to 64 years |
2,395 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 2.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
65 years and older |
1,852 | 13 | 2 | 11 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
65 to 69 years |
1,018 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 |
70 years and older |
833 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Women |
|||||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
41,223 | 1,078 | 267 | 812 | 50.3 | 63.0 | 61.4 | 63.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
16 to 24 years |
7,969 | 504 | 156 | 348 | 9.7 | 29.4 | 35.9 | 27.2 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 4.4 |
16 to 19 years |
2,491 | 228 | 103 | 125 | 3.0 | 13.3 | 23.6 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 4.1 | 5.0 |
20 to 24 years |
5,479 | 276 | 53 | 222 | 6.7 | 16.1 | 12.3 | 17.4 | 5.0 | 1.0 | 4.1 |
25 years and older |
33,254 | 575 | 110 | 464 | 40.6 | 33.6 | 25.4 | 36.4 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.4 |
25 to 34 years |
9,460 | 217 | 48 | 170 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 11.0 | 13.3 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
25 to 29 years |
5,174 | 136 | 29 | 106 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 6.7 | 8.3 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.1 |
30 to 34 years |
4,286 | 82 | 19 | 63 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.5 |
35 to 44 years |
7,433 | 130 | 21 | 109 | 9.1 | 7.6 | 4.8 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
35 to 39 years |
3,890 | 69 | 7 | 62 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 |
40 to 44 years |
3,543 | 61 | 14 | 47 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
45 to 54 years |
7,645 | 105 | 16 | 90 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 7.0 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
45 to 49 years |
3,806 | 56 | 8 | 48 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
50 to 54 years |
3,839 | 50 | 8 | 41 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
55 to 64 years |
6,542 | 75 | 11 | 64 | 8.0 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 5.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
55 to 59 years |
3,757 | 38 | 3 | 35 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
60 to 64 years |
2,785 | 37 | 9 | 29 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
65 years and older |
2,175 | 47 | 14 | 33 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 1.5 |
65 to 69 years |
1,281 | 30 | 9 | 21 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 1.7 |
70 years and older |
894 | 17 | 6 | 11 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
Marital status, age, and gender |
Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total |
|||||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Never married |
33,131 | 1,146 | 328 | 818 | 40.4 | 67.0 | 75.4 | 64.1 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 2.5 |
16 to 24 years |
14,567 | 766 | 258 | 508 | 17.8 | 44.8 | 59.3 | 39.8 | 5.3 | 1.8 | 3.5 |
25 years and older |
18,564 | 380 | 70 | 310 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 16.1 | 24.3 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 |
25 to 54 years |
16,959 | 349 | 64 | 285 | 20.7 | 20.4 | 14.8 | 22.3 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 1.7 |
Married, spouse present(1) |
35,753 | 361 | 58 | 302 | 43.6 | 21.1 | 13.4 | 23.7 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
16 to 24 years |
1,003 | 28 | 10 | 19 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.9 |
25 years and older |
34,750 | 332 | 49 | 283 | 42.4 | 19.4 | 11.2 | 22.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
25 to 54 years |
24,639 | 247 | 35 | 212 | 30.1 | 14.4 | 8.1 | 16.6 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2) |
13,030 | 204 | 49 | 155 | 15.9 | 11.9 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
16 to 24 years |
393 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.7 |
25 years and older |
12,638 | 193 | 44 | 149 | 15.4 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 11.7 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.2 |
25 to 54 years |
8,024 | 133 | 29 | 104 | 9.8 | 7.8 | 6.7 | 8.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.3 |
Men |
|||||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
40,691 | 632 | 168 | 464 | 49.7 | 37.0 | 38.6 | 36.4 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
Never married |
17,289 | 470 | 142 | 328 | 21.1 | 27.5 | 32.8 | 25.7 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 1.9 |
16 to 24 years |
7,413 | 292 | 114 | 178 | 9.1 | 17.1 | 26.2 | 13.9 | 3.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
25 years and older |
9,875 | 179 | 29 | 150 | 12.1 | 10.4 | 6.6 | 11.8 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
25 to 54 years |
9,123 | 161 | 26 | 135 | 11.1 | 9.4 | 6.0 | 10.6 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
Married, spouse present(1) |
18,348 | 111 | 14 | 97 | 22.4 | 6.5 | 3.3 | 7.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
16 to 24 years |
419 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
25 years and older |
17,929 | 105 | 13 | 91 | 21.9 | 6.1 | 3.0 | 7.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
25 to 54 years |
12,695 | 78 | 8 | 70 | 15.5 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2) |
5,055 | 51 | 11 | 40 | 6.2 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
16 to 24 years |
162 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
25 years and older |
4,893 | 48 | 11 | 37 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 |
25 to 54 years |
3,267 | 38 | 9 | 29 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
Women |
|||||||||||
Total, 16 years and older |
41,223 | 1,078 | 267 | 812 | 50.3 | 63.0 | 61.4 | 63.6 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
Never married |
15,843 | 676 | 185 | 491 | 19.3 | 39.5 | 42.6 | 38.4 | 4.3 | 1.2 | 3.1 |
16 to 24 years |
7,154 | 474 | 144 | 330 | 8.7 | 27.7 | 33.1 | 25.9 | 6.6 | 2.0 | 4.6 |
25 years and older |
8,689 | 201 | 41 | 160 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 9.5 | 12.6 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 |
25 to 54 years |
7,836 | 188 | 38 | 150 | 9.6 | 11.0 | 8.8 | 11.8 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.9 |
Married, spouse present(1) |
17,405 | 250 | 44 | 206 | 21.2 | 14.6 | 10.1 | 16.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
16 to 24 years |
585 | 22 | 8 | 14 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 2.3 |
25 years and older |
16,821 | 228 | 36 | 192 | 20.5 | 13.3 | 8.2 | 15.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 |
25 to 54 years |
11,944 | 169 | 27 | 142 | 14.6 | 9.9 | 6.2 | 11.1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 |
Widowed, divorced, or separated(2) |
7,975 | 153 | 37 | 116 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.4 |
16 to 24 years |
231 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
25 years and older |
7,744 | 146 | 34 | 112 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 7.8 | 8.8 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
25 to 54 years |
4,757 | 95 | 20 | 76 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 5.9 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 |
Footnotes |
|||||||||||
Note: Data exclude all self-employed workers, whether or not their businesses are incorporated. |
Usual hours worked per week on primary job | Number of workers (in thousands) | Percent distribution | Percentage of workers paid hourly rates |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | Total paid hourly rates |
At or below minimum wage | At or below minimum wage | |||||||
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
Total | At minimum wage |
Below minimum wage |
|||
Total, 16 years and older |
81,915 | 1,711 | 434 | 1,276 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.6 |
Hours vary |
4,390 | 171 | 49 | 122 | 5.4 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 9.5 | 3.9 | 1.1 | 2.8 |
0 to 34 hours |
18,472 | 885 | 282 | 603 | 22.6 | 51.7 | 64.8 | 47.3 | 4.8 | 1.5 | 3.3 |
0 to 4 hours |
394 | 19 | 8 | 11 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 4.8 | 2.0 | 2.9 |
5 to 9 hours |
1,011 | 59 | 29 | 30 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 6.8 | 2.3 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
10 to 14 hours |
1,616 | 90 | 45 | 45 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 10.3 | 3.5 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
15 to 19 hours |
2,298 | 99 | 44 | 55 | 2.8 | 5.8 | 10.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 2.4 |
20 to 24 hours |
5,548 | 258 | 82 | 176 | 6.8 | 15.1 | 18.8 | 13.8 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 3.2 |
25 to 29 hours |
2,730 | 153 | 46 | 107 | 3.3 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 1.7 | 3.9 |
30 to 34 hours |
4,876 | 207 | 28 | 179 | 6.0 | 12.1 | 6.5 | 14.0 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 3.7 |
35 hours or more |
59,052 | 655 | 104 | 551 | 72.1 | 38.3 | 23.8 | 43.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
35 to 39 hours |
5,811 | 158 | 32 | 126 | 7.1 | 9.2 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
40 hours or more |
53,241 | 497 | 72 | 425 | 65.0 | 29.1 | 16.6 | 33.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
40 hours |
45,593 | 447 | 63 | 385 | 55.7 | 26.2 | 14.5 | 30.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 |
41 hours or more |
7,649 | 50 | 9 | 41 | 9.3 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
41 to 44 hours |
756 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
45 to 48 hours |
2,573 | 27 | 3 | 24 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
49 to 59 hours |
2,990 | 13 | 3 | 10 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
60 hours or more |
1,330 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
Note: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Estimates of usual hours worked presented in this table differ from usual full- or part-time status (as shown in table 1) because of a sizable number of workers whose usual hours vary on the primary job. |
Year and gender | Total wage and salary workers |
Workers paid hourly rates | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Percentage of total wage and salary workers |
At prevailing federal minimum wage(1) |
Below prevailing federal minimum wage(1) |
Total at or below prevailing federal minimum wage |
|||
Number | Percentage of hourly paid workers |
||||||
Total |
|||||||
1979 |
87,529 | 51,721 | 59.1 | 3,997 | 2,916 | 6,912 | 13.4 |
1980 |
87,644 | 51,335 | 58.6 | 4,686 | 3,087 | 7,773 | 15.1 |
1981 |
88,516 | 51,869 | 58.6 | 4,311 | 3,513 | 7,824 | 15.1 |
1982 |
87,368 | 50,846 | 58.2 | 4,148 | 2,348 | 6,496 | 12.8 |
1983 |
88,290 | 51,820 | 58.7 | 4,261 | 2,077 | 6,338 | 12.2 |
1984 |
92,194 | 54,143 | 58.7 | 4,125 | 1,838 | 5,963 | 11.0 |
1985 |
94,521 | 55,762 | 59.0 | 3,899 | 1,639 | 5,538 | 9.9 |
1986 |
96,903 | 57,529 | 59.4 | 3,461 | 1,599 | 5,060 | 8.8 |
1987 |
99,303 | 59,552 | 60.0 | 3,229 | 1,468 | 4,698 | 7.9 |
1988 |
101,407 | 60,878 | 60.0 | 2,608 | 1,319 | 3,927 | 6.5 |
1989 |
103,480 | 62,389 | 60.3 | 1,790 | 1,372 | 3,162 | 5.1 |
1990 |
104,876 | 63,172 | 60.2 | 1,096 | 2,132 | 3,228 | 5.1 |
1991 |
103,723 | 62,627 | 60.4 | 2,906 | 2,377 | 5,283 | 8.4 |
1992 |
104,668 | 63,610 | 60.8 | 2,982 | 1,939 | 4,921 | 7.7 |
1993 |
106,101 | 64,274 | 60.6 | 2,625 | 1,707 | 4,332 | 6.7 |
1994 |
107,989 | 66,549 | 61.6 | 2,132 | 1,995 | 4,128 | 6.2 |
1995 |
110,038 | 68,354 | 62.1 | 1,956 | 1,699 | 3,656 | 5.3 |
1996 |
111,960 | 69,255 | 61.9 | 1,861 | 1,863 | 3,724 | 5.4 |
1997 |
114,533 | 70,735 | 61.8 | 1,764 | 2,990 | 4,754 | 6.7 |
1998 |
116,730 | 71,440 | 61.2 | 1,593 | 2,834 | 4,427 | 6.2 |
1999 |
118,963 | 72,306 | 60.8 | 1,146 | 2,194 | 3,340 | 4.6 |
2000 |
122,089 | 73,496 | 60.2 | 898 | 1,752 | 2,650 | 3.6 |
2001 |
122,229 | 73,392 | 60.0 | 656 | 1,518 | 2,174 | 3.0 |
2002 |
121,826 | 72,508 | 59.5 | 567 | 1,579 | 2,146 | 3.0 |
2003 |
122,358 | 72,946 | 59.6 | 545 | 1,555 | 2,100 | 2.9 |
2004 |
123,554 | 73,939 | 59.8 | 520 | 1,483 | 2,003 | 2.7 |
2005 |
125,889 | 75,609 | 60.1 | 479 | 1,403 | 1,882 | 2.5 |
2006 |
128,237 | 76,514 | 59.7 | 409 | 1,283 | 1,692 | 2.2 |
2007 |
129,767 | 75,873 | 58.5 | 267 | 1,462 | 1,729 | 2.3 |
2008 |
129,377 | 75,305 | 58.2 | 286 | 1,940 | 2,226 | 3.0 |
2009 |
124,490 | 72,611 | 58.3 | 980 | 2,592 | 3,572 | 4.9 |
2010 |
124,073 | 72,902 | 58.8 | 1,820 | 2,541 | 4,361 | 6.0 |
2011 |
125,187 | 73,926 | 59.1 | 1,677 | 2,152 | 3,829 | 5.2 |
2012 |
127,577 | 75,276 | 59.0 | 1,566 | 1,984 | 3,550 | 4.7 |
2013 |
129,110 | 75,948 | 58.8 | 1,532 | 1,768 | 3,301 | 4.3 |
2014 |
131,431 | 77,207 | 58.7 | 1,255 | 1,737 | 2,992 | 3.9 |
2015 |
133,743 | 78,232 | 58.5 | 870 | 1,691 | 2,561 | 3.3 |
2016 |
136,101 | 79,883 | 58.7 | 701 | 1,451 | 2,153 | 2.7 |
2017 |
137,890 | 80,439 | 58.3 | 542 | 1,282 | 1,824 | 2.3 |
2018 |
140,099 | 81,915 | 58.5 | 434 | 1,276 | 1,711 | 2.1 |
Men |
|||||||
1979 |
49,400 | 28,392 | 57.5 | 1,353 | 846 | 2,199 | 7.7 |
1980 |
48,700 | 27,709 | 56.9 | 1,696 | 983 | 2,678 | 9.7 |
1981 |
48,844 | 27,576 | 56.5 | 1,533 | 1,119 | 2,652 | 9.6 |
1982 |
47,591 | 26,481 | 55.6 | 1,587 | 697 | 2,284 | 8.6 |
1983 |
47,856 | 26,831 | 56.1 | 1,658 | 585 | 2,243 | 8.4 |
1984 |
50,022 | 28,140 | 56.3 | 1,626 | 490 | 2,116 | 7.5 |
1985 |
51,015 | 28,893 | 56.6 | 1,544 | 440 | 1,984 | 6.9 |
1986 |
51,942 | 29,666 | 57.1 | 1,336 | 408 | 1,743 | 5.9 |
1987 |
52,938 | 30,474 | 57.6 | 1,283 | 364 | 1,647 | 5.4 |
1988 |
53,912 | 31,058 | 57.6 | 1,066 | 311 | 1,377 | 4.4 |
1989 |
54,789 | 31,687 | 57.8 | 733 | 379 | 1,112 | 3.5 |
1990 |
55,553 | 32,104 | 57.8 | 385 | 712 | 1,097 | 3.4 |
1991 |
54,618 | 31,639 | 57.9 | 1,114 | 795 | 1,909 | 6.0 |
1992 |
54,826 | 32,155 | 58.6 | 1,231 | 653 | 1,885 | 5.9 |
1993 |
55,475 | 32,337 | 58.3 | 1,091 | 573 | 1,664 | 5.1 |
1994 |
56,570 | 33,528 | 59.3 | 891 | 674 | 1,565 | 4.7 |
1995 |
57,669 | 34,420 | 59.7 | 796 | 542 | 1,338 | 3.9 |
1996 |
58,473 | 34,838 | 59.6 | 755 | 619 | 1,374 | 3.9 |
1997 |
59,825 | 35,521 | 59.4 | 673 | 1,147 | 1,820 | 5.1 |
1998 |
60,973 | 35,761 | 58.7 | 628 | 1,039 | 1,667 | 4.7 |
1999 |
61,914 | 36,073 | 58.3 | 446 | 768 | 1,214 | 3.4 |
2000 |
63,662 | 36,720 | 57.7 | 319 | 582 | 901 | 2.5 |
2001 |
63,647 | 36,544 | 57.4 | 247 | 497 | 744 | 2.0 |
2002 |
63,272 | 36,000 | 56.9 | 217 | 582 | 799 | 2.2 |
2003 |
63,236 | 35,853 | 56.7 | 213 | 493 | 706 | 2.0 |
2004 |
64,145 | 36,806 | 57.4 | 210 | 470 | 680 | 1.8 |
2005 |
65,466 | 37,652 | 57.5 | 189 | 459 | 648 | 1.7 |
2006 |
66,811 | 38,193 | 57.2 | 146 | 422 | 568 | 1.5 |
2007 |
67,468 | 37,790 | 56.0 | 86 | 460 | 546 | 1.4 |
2008 |
66,846 | 37,334 | 55.9 | 90 | 638 | 728 | 1.9 |
2009 |
63,539 | 35,185 | 55.4 | 368 | 990 | 1,358 | 3.9 |
2010 |
63,531 | 35,498 | 55.9 | 669 | 943 | 1,612 | 4.5 |
2011 |
64,686 | 36,457 | 56.4 | 648 | 785 | 1,433 | 3.9 |
2012 |
65,898 | 37,113 | 56.3 | 567 | 696 | 1,263 | 3.4 |
2013 |
66,794 | 37,544 | 56.2 | 622 | 621 | 1,243 | 3.3 |
2014 |
68,048 | 38,405 | 56.4 | 516 | 598 | 1,114 | 2.9 |
2015 |
69,298 | 38,732 | 55.9 | 330 | 629 | 959 | 2.5 |
2016 |
70,589 | 39,568 | 56.1 | 270 | 499 | 769 | 1.9 |
2017 |
71,469 | 39,781 | 55.7 | 226 | 452 | 678 | 1.7 |
2018 |
72,632 | 40,691 | 56.0 | 168 | 464 | 632 | 1.6 |
Women |
|||||||
1979 |
38,129 | 23,329 | 61.2 | 2,644 | 2,070 | 4,714 | 20.2 |
1980 |
38,944 | 23,626 | 60.7 | 2,990 | 2,104 | 5,095 | 21.6 |
1981 |
39,672 | 24,294 | 61.2 | 2,778 | 2,394 | 5,172 | 21.3 |
1982 |
39,777 | 24,365 | 61.3 | 2,561 | 1,651 | 4,212 | 17.3 |
1983 |
40,433 | 24,989 | 61.8 | 2,603 | 1,492 | 4,095 | 16.4 |
1984 |
42,172 | 26,003 | 61.7 | 2,499 | 1,348 | 3,847 | 14.8 |
1985 |
43,506 | 26,869 | 61.8 | 2,356 | 1,198 | 3,554 | 13.2 |
1986 |
44,961 | 27,863 | 62.0 | 2,125 | 1,192 | 3,317 | 11.9 |
1987 |
46,365 | 29,078 | 62.7 | 1,946 | 1,105 | 3,051 | 10.5 |
1988 |
47,495 | 29,820 | 62.8 | 1,542 | 1,008 | 2,550 | 8.6 |
1989 |
48,691 | 30,702 | 63.1 | 1,056 | 994 | 2,050 | 6.7 |
1990 |
49,323 | 31,069 | 63.0 | 711 | 1,420 | 2,131 | 6.9 |
1991 |
49,105 | 30,988 | 63.1 | 1,792 | 1,582 | 3,374 | 10.9 |
1992 |
49,842 | 31,454 | 63.1 | 1,751 | 1,286 | 3,036 | 9.7 |
1993 |
50,626 | 31,937 | 63.1 | 1,534 | 1,133 | 2,667 | 8.4 |
1994 |
51,419 | 33,021 | 64.2 | 1,241 | 1,322 | 2,563 | 7.8 |
1995 |
52,369 | 33,934 | 64.8 | 1,161 | 1,157 | 2,318 | 6.8 |
1996 |
53,488 | 34,418 | 64.3 | 1,106 | 1,244 | 2,350 | 6.8 |
1997 |
54,708 | 35,214 | 64.4 | 1,092 | 1,843 | 2,935 | 8.3 |
1998 |
55,757 | 35,680 | 64.0 | 965 | 1,794 | 2,760 | 7.7 |
1999 |
57,050 | 36,233 | 63.5 | 700 | 1,426 | 2,126 | 5.9 |
2000 |
58,427 | 36,777 | 62.9 | 579 | 1,170 | 1,749 | 4.8 |
2001 |
58,582 | 36,848 | 62.9 | 409 | 1,021 | 1,430 | 3.9 |
2002 |
58,555 | 36,508 | 62.3 | 350 | 997 | 1,347 | 3.7 |
2003 |
59,122 | 37,093 | 62.7 | 332 | 1,062 | 1,394 | 3.8 |
2004 |
59,408 | 37,133 | 62.5 | 310 | 1,013 | 1,323 | 3.6 |
2005 |
60,423 | 37,957 | 62.8 | 290 | 944 | 1,234 | 3.3 |
2006 |
61,426 | 38,321 | 62.4 | 263 | 861 | 1,124 | 2.9 |
2007 |
62,299 | 38,082 | 61.1 | 181 | 1,002 | 1,183 | 3.1 |
2008 |
62,532 | 37,972 | 60.7 | 196 | 1,302 | 1,498 | 3.9 |
2009 |
60,951 | 37,426 | 61.4 | 612 | 1,603 | 2,215 | 5.9 |
2010 |
60,542 | 37,404 | 61.8 | 1,151 | 1,598 | 2,749 | 7.3 |
2011 |
60,502 | 37,469 | 61.9 | 1,029 | 1,366 | 2,395 | 6.4 |
2012 |
61,679 | 38,163 | 61.9 | 999 | 1,288 | 2,287 | 6.0 |
2013 |
62,316 | 38,404 | 61.6 | 910 | 1,148 | 2,058 | 5.4 |
2014 |
63,383 | 38,802 | 61.2 | 739 | 1,139 | 1,878 | 4.8 |
2015 |
64,445 | 39,500 | 61.3 | 540 | 1,062 | 1,602 | 4.1 |
2016 |
65,512 | 40,315 | 61.5 | 432 | 952 | 1,384 | 3.4 |
2017 |
66,421 | 40,658 | 61.2 | 316 | 829 | 1,146 | 2.8 |
2018 |
67,467 | 41,223 | 61.1 | 267 | 812 | 1,078 | 2.6 |
Footnotes |
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Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and conceptual changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is available at |
Because the labor force in month , denoted by
, equals the sum of the number of employed,
, and the number of unemployed,
, the change in the number of unemployed persons can be written as the change in the labor force minus the change in the number of employed persons. That is
. (1)
Normalizing both sides of this expression by the labor force and using the fact that the unemployment rate, , is the ratio of the number of unemployed persons and the size of the labor force, we can write
Hence, for the change in the unemployment rate to be zero, that is for unemployment to be in steady state, it must be the case that . Thus, the unemployment rate is in steady state whenever the growth rate of the labor force equals the growth rate of employment.