From December 2021 to March 2022, gains from opening and expanding private-sector establishments in Pennsylvania were 324,890, while gross job losses from closing and contracting private-sector establishments were 251,630, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Regional Commissioner Alexandra Hall Bovee noted that the difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses yielded a net employment gain of 73,260 jobs in the private sector during the first quarter of 2022. During the previous quarter, gross job gains exceeded gross job losses by 101,601. (See chart 1.)

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all private businesses in the economy. Business Employment Dynamics (BED) statistics track these changes in employment at private-sector establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. The difference between the number of gross job gains and the number of gross job losses is the net change in employment. (See Technical Note.)

Gross job gains

In the first quarter of 2022, gross job gains represented 6.3 percent of private-sector employment in Pennsylvania; nationally, gross job gains accounted for 6.6 percent of private-sector employment. (See chart 2.) Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment due to expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. In Pennsylvania, gross job gains at expanding establishments totaled 283,851 in the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of 17,123 jobs compared to the previous quarter. (See table 1.) Opening establishments accounted for 41,039 jobs gained in the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of 3,111 jobs from the previous quarter.

Gross job losses

In the first quarter of 2022, gross job losses represented 4.9 percent of private-sector employment in Pennsylvania; nationally, gross job losses accounted for 5.4 percent of private-sector employment. (See chart 3.) Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. In Pennsylvania, contracting establishments lost 209,215 jobs in the first quarter of 2022, a decrease of 2,337 jobs from the prior quarter. Closing establishments lost 42,415 jobs, an increase of 10,444 jobs from the previous quarter.

Industries

Gross job gains exceeded gross job losses in 10 of the 11 industry sectors in Pennsylvania in the first quarter of 2022. Leisure and hospitality had the largest over-the-quarter net job increase, with a gain of 17,753 jobs. This was the result of 61,642 gross job gains and 43,889 gross job losses. The retail trade industry had a net gain of 12,868 jobs. Professional and business services showed a net gain of 11,306 jobs. Transportation and warehousing showed a net loss of 352 jobs, the only loss of any sector in the state.

For more information

The BED data series include gross job gains and gross job losses by industry subsector, for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, as well as gross job gains and gross job losses at the firm level by employer size class. BED data for the states have been included in table 2 of this release. Additional information is available online at www.bls.gov/bdm/.

The Business Employment Dynamics for Second Quarter 2022 are scheduled to be released on Wednesday, January 25, 2023.

Technical Note

The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) data are a product of a federal-state cooperative program known as Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW). The BED data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing QCEW records. Most employers in the U.S. are required to file quarterly reports on the employment and wages of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) laws, and to pay quarterly UI taxes. The QCEW is based largely on quarterly UI reports which are sent by businesses to the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs). These UI reports are supplemented by two additional BLS data collections to render administrative data into economic statistics. Together these data comprise the QCEW and form the basis of the Bureau’s establishment universe sampling frame.

In the BED program, the QCEW records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding units and jobs lost at closing and contracting units.

The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all businesses in the economy. BED statistics track these changes in employment at private business establishments from the third month of one quarter to the third month of the next. Gross job gains are the sum of increases in employment from expansions at existing establishments and the addition of new jobs at opening establishments. Gross job losses are the result of contractions in employment at existing establishments and the loss of jobs at closing establishments. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment.

Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of employment in the current and previous quarters. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate.

The formal definitions of employment changes are as follows:

Openings. These are either units with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter.

Expansions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period.

Closings. These are units with positive third month employment in the previous quarter and either not reported, or reported with zero employment, in the current quarter.

Contractions. These are units with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period.

The full Technical Note for the Business Employment Dynamics program, which includes information on coverage, concepts, and methodology, can be found in the current quarterly news release online at www.bls.gov/news.release/cewbd.htm.

Information in this release will be made available to individuals with sensory impairments upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Telecommunications Relay Service: 7-1-1.

Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and losses by industry, Pennsylvania, seasonally adjusted

Category	Gross job gains and losses (3 months ended)					Gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended)
	Mar. 2021	June 2021	Sept. 2021	Dec. 2021	Mar. 2022	Mar. 2021	June 2021	Sept. 2021	Dec. 2021	Mar. 2022
Total private (1)
Gross job gains	324,793	279,724	313,381	345,124	324,890	6.7	5.7	6.3	6.8	6.3
At expanding establishments	277,504	236,307	262,740	300,974	283,851	5.7	4.8	5.3	5.9	5.5
At opening establishments	47,289	43,417	50,641	44,150	41,039	1.0	0.9	1.0	0.9	0.8
Gross job losses	228,261	265,157	253,645	243,523	251,630	4.7	5.3	5.0	4.8	4.9
At contracting establishments	194,928	234,693	221,945	211,552	209,215	4.0	4.7	4.4	4.2	4.1
At closing establishments	33,333	30,464	31,700	31,971	42,415	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.8
Net employment change (2)	96,532	14,567	59,736	101,601	73,260	2.0	0.4	1.3	2.0	1.4
Construction
Gross job gains	23,405	21,426	20,293	24,291	23,991	9.2	8.4	8.1	9.6	9.1
At expanding establishments	18,916	17,789	15,957	20,064	19,881	7.4	7.0	6.4	7.9	7.5
At opening establishments	4,489	3,637	4,336	4,227	4,110	1.8	1.4	1.7	1.7	1.6
Gross job losses	20,404	20,349	20,297	19,584	20,874	8.0	8.0	8.1	7.6	7.9
At contracting establishments	17,357	17,635	17,353	16,940	16,959	6.8	6.9	6.9	6.6	6.4
At closing establishments	3,047	2,714	2,944	2,644	3,915	1.2	1.1	1.2	1.0	1.5
Net employment change (2)	3,001	1,077	-4	4,707	3,117	1.2	0.4	0.0	2.0	1.2
Manufacturing
Gross job gains	18,850	16,319	18,701	22,284	21,435	3.5	3.0	3.4	4.1	3.9
At expanding establishments	17,988	15,171	17,501	21,239	20,027	3.3	2.8	3.2	3.9	3.6
At opening establishments	862	1,148	1,200	1,045	1,408	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
Gross job losses	14,092	17,496	15,409	13,361	12,897	2.6	3.2	2.9	2.4	2.3
At contracting establishments	12,763	16,683	14,388	12,194	11,299	2.4	3.1	2.7	2.2	2.0
At closing establishments	1,329	813	1,021	1,167	1,598	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3
Net employment change (2)	4,758	-1,177	3,292	8,923	8,538	0.9	-0.2	0.5	1.7	1.6
Wholesale trade
Gross job gains	8,983	8,728	10,336	10,809	9,935	4.4	4.3	5.1	5.2	4.7
At expanding establishments	7,511	7,457	8,777	9,484	8,650	3.7	3.7	4.3	4.6	4.1
At opening establishments	1,472	1,271	1,559	1,325	1,285	0.7	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.6
Gross job losses	7,233	7,687	7,572	6,697	7,221	3.6	3.8	3.7	3.2	3.5
At contracting establishments	5,805	6,554	6,246	5,587	5,583	2.9	3.2	3.1	2.7	2.7
At closing establishments	1,428	1,133	1,326	1,110	1,638	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.8
Net employment change (2)	1,750	1,041	2,764	4,112	2,714	0.8	0.5	1.4	2.0	1.2
Retail trade
Gross job gains	41,406	34,119	35,142	34,194	39,527	7.1	5.7	5.9	5.8	6.6
At expanding establishments	36,988	30,916	30,272	30,340	35,660	6.3	5.2	5.1	5.1	6.0
At opening establishments	4,418	3,203	4,870	3,854	3,867	0.8	0.5	0.8	0.7	0.6
Gross job losses	26,693	35,220	37,152	30,834	26,659	4.6	5.9	6.3	5.2	4.4
At contracting establishments	23,451	32,164	34,823	27,370	23,598	4.0	5.4	5.9	4.6	3.9
At closing establishments	3,242	3,056	2,329	3,464	3,061	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.5
Net employment change (2)	14,713	-1,101	-2,010	3,360	12,868	2.5	-0.2	-0.4	0.6	2.2
Transportation and warehousing
Gross job gains	19,300	11,875	19,752	29,633	17,937	6.9	4.3	7.1	10.1	5.9
At expanding establishments	17,970	10,371	17,257	27,885	16,037	6.4	3.8	6.2	9.5	5.3
At opening establishments	1,330	1,504	2,495	1,748	1,900	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.6
Gross job losses	19,299	17,691	11,681	11,731	18,289	6.9	6.4	4.2	4.0	6.0
At contracting establishments	18,423	16,603	10,852	10,778	16,741	6.6	6.0	3.9	3.7	5.5
At closing establishments	876	1,088	829	953	1,548	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.5
Net employment change (2)	1	-5,816	8,071	17,902	-352	0.0	-2.1	2.9	6.1	-0.1
Information
Gross job gains	5,798	4,881	9,344	8,947	6,059	7.0	5.8	10.8	10.0	6.6
At expanding establishments	4,559	3,631	6,943	7,864	5,050	5.5	4.3	8.0	8.8	5.5
At opening establishments	1,239	1,250	2,401	1,083	1,009	1.5	1.5	2.8	1.2	1.1
Gross job losses	4,223	4,370	4,520	8,393	4,865	5.1	5.1	5.1	9.3	5.3
At contracting establishments	3,637	3,575	3,785	7,743	4,107	4.4	4.2	4.3	8.6	4.5
At closing establishments	586	795	735	650	758	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.8
Net employment change (2)	1,575	511	4,824	554	1,194	1.9	0.7	5.7	0.7	1.3
Financial activities
Gross job gains	13,151	11,743	13,867	14,143	18,357	4.0	3.6	4.2	4.3	5.6
At expanding establishments	10,468	9,407	11,128	11,703	16,392	3.2	2.9	3.4	3.6	5.0
At opening establishments	2,683	2,336	2,739	2,440	1,965	0.8	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.6
Gross job losses	10,670	12,887	13,007	15,462	12,762	3.3	3.9	4.0	4.7	3.9
At contracting establishments	8,511	11,098	11,075	13,719	9,951	2.6	3.4	3.4	4.2	3.0
At closing establishments	2,159	1,789	1,932	1,743	2,811	0.7	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.9
Net employment change (2)	2,481	-1,144	860	-1,319	5,595	0.7	-0.3	0.2	-0.4	1.7
Professional and business services
Gross job gains	49,406	52,227	56,636	66,412	59,498	6.3	6.6	7.1	8.1	7.1
At expanding establishments	40,585	42,019	45,682	56,415	50,394	5.2	5.3	5.7	6.9	6.0
At opening establishments	8,821	10,208	10,954	9,997	9,104	1.1	1.3	1.4	1.2	1.1
Gross job losses	43,661	48,205	44,492	42,448	48,192	5.5	6.1	5.6	5.2	5.8
At contracting establishments	36,330	41,196	36,600	35,143	38,032	4.6	5.2	4.6	4.3	4.6
At closing establishments	7,331	7,009	7,892	7,305	10,160	0.9	0.9	1.0	0.9	1.2
Net employment change (2)	5,745	4,022	12,144	23,964	11,306	0.8	0.5	1.5	2.9	1.3
Education and health services
Gross job gains	43,596	40,271	42,766	50,658	48,472	3.8	3.4	3.6	4.3	4.1
At expanding establishments	38,255	35,366	37,834	45,049	44,078	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.8	3.7
At opening establishments	5,341	4,905	4,932	5,609	4,394	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4
Gross job losses	37,519	45,682	42,238	38,036	40,252	3.2	3.9	3.6	3.2	3.4
At contracting establishments	32,158	41,416	38,068	34,006	34,169	2.7	3.5	3.2	2.9	2.9
At closing establishments	5,361	4,266	4,170	4,030	6,083	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.5
Net employment change (2)	6,077	-5,411	528	12,622	8,220	0.6	-0.5	0.0	1.1	0.7
Leisure and hospitality
Gross job gains	82,154	60,202	67,261	64,000	61,642	19.1	13.0	13.9	12.6	11.7
At expanding establishments	69,815	49,575	55,793	54,390	52,517	16.2	10.7	11.5	10.7	10.0
At opening establishments	12,339	10,627	11,468	9,610	9,125	2.9	2.3	2.4	1.9	1.7
Gross job losses	30,350	41,275	42,884	42,166	43,889	7.0	8.9	8.9	8.4	8.4
At contracting establishments	25,070	35,559	37,156	35,788	36,148	5.8	7.7	7.7	7.1	6.9
At closing establishments	5,280	5,716	5,728	6,378	7,741	1.2	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.5
Net employment change (2)	51,804	18,927	24,377	21,834	17,753	12.1	4.1	5.0	4.2	3.3
Other services (3)
Gross job gains	14,581	13,576	15,101	14,543	13,065	8.5	7.7	8.4	7.8	6.9
At expanding establishments	10,833	10,915	11,931	12,062	10,721	6.3	6.2	6.6	6.5	5.7
At opening establishments	3,748	2,661	3,170	2,481	2,344	2.2	1.5	1.8	1.3	1.2
Gross job losses	10,052	9,814	10,388	10,721	11,349	5.8	5.6	5.7	5.8	6.0
At contracting establishments	7,929	8,080	8,369	8,709	8,874	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7
At closing establishments	2,123	1,734	2,019	2,012	2,475	1.2	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.3
Net employment change (2)	4,529	3,762	4,713	3,822	1,716	2.7	2.1	2.7	2.0	0.9
Footnotes: (1) Includes unclassified sector not shown separately. (2) The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. See the Technical Note for further information. (3) Except public administration.

Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of total employment by state, seasonally adjusted

Category	Gross job gains as a percent of employment (3 months ended)					Gross job losses as a percent of employment (3 months ended)
	Mar. 2021	June 2021	Sept. 2021	Dec. 2021	Mar. 2022	Mar. 2021	June 2021	Sept. 2021	Dec. 2021	Mar. 2022
United States(1)	7.0	6.8	7.3	7.7	6.6	5.5	5.9	6.1	5.4	5.4
Alabama	6.7	6.3	6.7	7.6	6.2	5.8	6.0	6.3	5.2	6.0
Alaska	11.1	9.5	10.5	11.8	10.1	9.4	9.3	9.7	8.7	9.3
Arizona	6.5	6.8	7.1	6.8	6.8	5.4	5.9	5.1	5.0	5.7
Arkansas	6.3	5.8	6.8	7.8	5.9	5.1	5.7	6.7	4.8	5.4
California	7.8	7.8	7.8	8.5	7.4	5.9	6.5	6.1	5.5	5.6
Colorado	8.6	7.8	8.0	7.6	7.5	5.5	6.4	7.0	6.1	6.3
Connecticut	6.5	6.7	6.9	6.9	6.3	5.4	5.8	6.0	5.3	5.3
Delaware	7.0	6.8	7.6	8.2	7.3	6.2	6.5	7.2	6.0	5.6
District of Columbia	5.5	7.1	7.9	7.3	6.0	5.4	5.4	4.9	4.9	4.9
Florida	7.0	7.8	9.0	7.7	6.5	5.8	6.3	6.0	6.0	5.7
Georgia	6.8	7.0	7.5	7.9	6.8	5.7	6.2	6.2	5.5	5.7
Hawaii	8.7	10.7	7.3	7.1	6.1	5.7	5.5	6.3	5.1	5.1
Idaho	8.2	7.2	7.7	8.5	8.5	5.7	7.2	7.3	6.3	6.2
Illinois	7.3	6.2	6.6	7.5	6.2	5.1	5.5	6.0	4.9	5.0
Indiana	6.2	5.7	6.3	7.3	6.0	5.0	6.0	5.7	4.7	4.8
Iowa	6.2	6.0	6.2	6.6	6.5	5.5	6.0	6.1	5.4	5.3
Kansas	6.3	6.2	6.6	7.6	6.2	5.7	6.2	6.5	5.3	5.4
Kentucky	7.4	6.5	6.7	7.4	6.6	5.4	6.4	6.4	4.9	5.0
Louisiana	6.8	6.9	6.9	9.6	6.5	5.9	6.1	8.5	5.8	7.1
Maine	8.9	7.5	7.8	8.2	8.0	6.4	7.7	7.8	6.9	6.1
Maryland	6.7	6.6	7.5	7.3	6.6	5.6	6.5	6.4	5.3	5.9
Massachusetts	6.7	6.9	7.2	7.0	6.6	5.0	5.7	5.8	5.7	5.1
Michigan	8.6	6.3	6.5	7.5	6.3	4.8	5.6	5.9	5.2	5.1
Minnesota	9.4	6.1	6.4	7.3	6.0	4.8	5.6	6.7	5.2	5.4
Mississippi	5.7	6.5	7.6	7.9	6.1	6.5	6.6	6.1	5.7	6.0
Missouri	6.4	6.1	6.7	7.4	6.5	5.2	6.1	6.1	5.5	5.4
Montana	8.9	8.5	8.5	9.9	9.3	6.9	8.1	8.3	7.2	8.5
Nebraska	6.6	6.2	6.3	7.0	6.8	5.8	6.0	6.5	5.8	5.9
Nevada	7.5	9.4	8.9	8.3	6.8	5.7	5.7	5.7	4.8	5.2
New Hampshire	7.5	7.0	7.0	7.6	7.7	5.4	6.3	6.8	6.4	5.4
New Jersey	7.2	7.1	7.5	8.7	7.1	5.9	5.7	6.1	5.4	5.5
New Mexico	8.7	7.4	8.2	8.2	7.4	5.6	6.6	6.5	6.3	6.2
New York	7.0	7.1	7.5	7.7	6.7	5.4	5.7	5.9	5.4	5.2
North Carolina	6.9	6.4	6.8	8.1	6.5	5.4	5.8	6.4	5.0	5.3
North Dakota	8.3	6.9	7.5	7.6	7.5	6.7	6.5	6.7	6.5	6.5
Ohio	6.1	5.9	6.1	7.0	6.1	5.0	5.8	6.0	5.2	4.8
Oklahoma	6.2	6.6	7.1	7.6	6.3	5.9	6.1	6.6	5.9	5.7
Oregon	8.7	6.6	7.1	7.8	7.5	5.6	6.6	6.5	6.1	5.7
Pennsylvania	6.7	5.7	6.3	6.8	6.3	4.7	5.3	5.0	4.8	4.9
Rhode Island	9.9	7.0	7.6	8.5	7.9	5.6	6.4	7.1	6.6	5.7
South Carolina	6.4	6.3	7.3	7.9	6.9	6.0	6.4	6.0	5.3	6.2
South Dakota	7.3	6.8	6.6	7.2	7.7	6.0	5.8	6.4	5.9	6.1
Tennessee	5.8	6.1	6.9	7.3	6.6	5.2	6.0	5.4	5.6	4.7
Texas	6.1	6.8	7.1	7.7	6.3	5.1	5.6	5.5	4.8	5.4
Utah	7.3	7.0	7.4	7.5	7.8	5.7	6.1	7.0	6.0	5.9
Vermont	8.4	8.4	8.0	8.1	8.0	6.2	7.0	7.7	6.9	6.3
Virginia	6.2	6.4	6.9	7.2	6.4	5.4	6.1	6.0	5.3	5.8
Washington	8.0	6.7	7.3	7.8	7.3	5.7	5.9	5.9	5.3	5.0
West Virginia	7.4	6.6	7.1	7.9	7.3	5.9	6.6	6.5	6.0	5.9
Wisconsin	6.0	5.8	5.5	6.6	6.5	4.7	5.3	5.8	5.2	4.8
Wyoming	9.3	8.8	9.1	10.1	8.9	8.2	8.4	8.4	7.8	8.3
Puerto Rico	6.8	7.8	8.5	6.4	7.0	5.0	5.0	5.1	5.5	4.9
Virgin Islands	7.4	11.0	7.5	8.0	6.9	10.6	5.8	8.5	9.5	10.3
Footnotes (1) Totals for the United States do not include data for Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.