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Current Employment Statistics - CES (National)

CES National Benchmark Article (PDF)

BLS Establishment Survey National Estimates Revised to Incorporate March 2022 Benchmarks

Summary of the revisions

With the release of January 2023 data on February 3, 2023, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) introduced its annual revision to national estimates of employment, hours, and earnings from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) monthly survey of nonfarm establishments.

The March 2022 benchmarked seasonally adjusted employment level for total nonfarm employment is 151,424,000. The not seasonally adjusted benchmarked employment level is 150,411,000.

Compared with the sample-based, seasonally adjusted published estimate for March 2022, total nonfarm employment had a revision of 568,000 or 0.4 percent. The not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment estimate was revised by 506,000, or 0.3 percent.

Table 1 presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis for January 2022 through December 2022. The revised data for April 2022 forward incorporate the effect of applying the rate of change measured by the sample to the new benchmark employment level, as well as updated net birth-death model forecasts and new seasonal adjustment factors. Revisions to November and December also reflect incorporation of additional sample receipts. For more information about the methodology of benchmarking in the CES program, see the Benchmark section in the CES Handbook of Methods.

Table 1. Differences in seasonally adjusted levels and over-the-month changes, total nonfarm employment, January to December 2022 (in thousands)
2022 Levels Over-the-month changes
As Revised As Previously Published Difference As Revised As Previously Published Difference

January

150,106 149,744 362 364 504 -140

February

151,010 150,458 552 904 714 190

March

151,424 150,856 568 414 398 16

April

151,678 151,224 454 254 368 -114

May

152,042 151,610 432 364 386 -22

June

152,412 151,903 509 370 293 77

July

152,980 152,440 540 568 537 31

August

153,332 152,732 600 352 292 60

September

153,682 153,001 681 350 269 81

October

154,006 153,264 742 324 263 61

November

154,296 153,520 776 290 256 34

December (p)

154,556 153,743 813 260 223 37

Footnotes
(p) Preliminary.

To Table of Figures

Overview

Establishment survey benchmarking is done each year to align employment estimates from the survey with employment counts derived primarily from the administrative file of employees covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI). All employers covered by UI laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate state UI agency four times per year. The UI data are obtained and edited by each state’s Labor Market Information agency. They are tabulated and published through the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. Both the QCEW and CES categorize their data using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). About 97 percent of total nonfarm employment within the scope of the establishment survey is covered by UI and is available to the CES program via QCEW records.

An employment count for the remaining 3 percent is constructed from other sources, primarily records from the Railroad Retirement Board and Census Bureau data from County Business Patterns and the Annual Survey of Public Employment and Payroll. This 3 percent is referred to as noncovered employment. The combination of QCEW and noncovered employment data make up the benchmark level. The full benchmark employment level developed for March replaces the March sample-based estimate for each basic cell.

The total annual revision is the difference between the benchmark level for a given March and the published March sample-based employment estimate. The overall accuracy of the establishment survey is usually gauged by the size of the benchmark revision, which is often regarded as a proxy for total survey error. Typically, the total revision is equal to the benchmark revision. However, in years with historical reconstructions, affected CES series are re-estimated prior to benchmarking. Historical reconstructions sometimes are needed to correct errors, reflect updates to industry classification, or address other issues so that users can have continuous, comparable estimates suitable for economic analysis. The benchmark revision, in these cases, is the difference between the benchmark level and the newly reconstructed sample-based estimate. The benchmark revision is the difference between two independently derived employment counts, each subject to its own error sources.

To create a continuous time series between the new March benchmark level and historical sample-based data from the prior March benchmark level, employment estimates for the months between the most recent March benchmark and the previous year's benchmark are adjusted using a linear "wedge-back" procedure. This procedure assumes that the total estimation error accumulated at a steady rate since the last benchmark. For the 9 months following the March benchmark (also called the post-benchmark period), BLS applies previously derived over-the-month sample changes to the revised March level to get the revised estimates. New net birth-death model forecasts are also calculated and applied during post-benchmark estimation. More information on benchmarks in the CES program is available in the Benchmark section in the CES Handbook of Methods and in the October 2017 Monthly Labor Review, "Benchmarking the Current Employment Statistics National Estimates."

Benchmark level adjustments to services for the elderly and persons with disabilities

During benchmark processing, the CES program found that some first quarter 2022 QCEW employment microdata for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (NAICS 624120) were erroneously reported. After further research, CES concluded that the incorrectly reported data for this industry should not be used and the first quarter 2022 QCEW employment data should be imputed for the series. The decision to impute was reached because corrected QCEW microdata would not have been received in time for CES production purposes. Therefore, CES used the QCEW average over-the-month employment change for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities from the prior 3 years (2019, 2020, and 2021) for each month between December 2021 and March 2022 to arrive at an imputed March 2022 level. This imputed level was approximately 83,000 greater than the originally reported QCEW level for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities. The final benchmark revision to CES not seasonally adjusted all employee employment for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (65-624120) was 24,800.

Seasonally adjusted estimates

BLS seasonally adjusts 5 years of CES data with each annual benchmark for all industries and directly estimated data types. However, reconstructed series are seasonally adjusted over their revised time spans if the revised timespan is greater than 5 years. Details about seasonal adjustment during the 2022 benchmark are described below.

Seasonally adjusted revisions

Table 2 presents revised employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis for March 2022 by major industry sector. The revision to seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment is 568,000.

Table 2. Seasonally adjusted employment revisions for major industry sectors, March 2022 (in thousands)
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title As Revised As Previously Published Differences
Amount Percent

00-000000

Total nonfarm 151,424 150,856 568 0.4

05-000000

Total private 129,351 128,680 671 0.5

06-000000

Goods-producing 20,997 20,922 75 0.4

07-000000

Service-providing 130,427 129,934 493 0.4

08-000000

Private service-providing 108,354 107,758 596 0.6

10-000000

Mining and logging 589 605 -16 -2.7

20-000000

Construction 7,692 7,628 64 0.8

30-000000

Manufacturing 12,716 12,689 27 0.2

31-000000

Durable goods 7,902 7,887 15 0.2

32-000000

Nondurable goods 4,814 4,802 12 0.2

40-000000

Trade, transportation, and utilities 28,600 28,569 31 0.1

41-420000

Wholesale trade 5,917.9 5,814.7 103.2 1.7

42-000000

Retail trade 15,542.0 15,804.9 -262.9 -1.7

43-000000

Transportation and warehousing 6,588.7 6,410.6 178.1 2.7

44-220000

Utilities 551.7 538.3 13.4 2.4

50-000000

Information 3,018 2,936 82 2.7

55-000000

Financial activities 8,997 8,905 92 1

60-000000

Professional and business services 22,439 22,090 349 1.6

65-000000

Private education and health services 24,050 24,124 -74 -0.3

70-000000

Leisure and hospitality 15,590 15,471 119 0.8

80-000000

Other services 5,660 5,663 -3 -0.1

90-000000

Government 22,073 22,176 -103 -0.5

To Table of Figures

Not seasonally adjusted estimates

Benchmark employment levels for March are compared to CES estimates that have not been seasonally adjusted to calculate the new March employment level. Twenty-one months of not seasonally adjusted CES estimates for all data types are revised based on this new March level, prior to seasonal adjustment. Revisions to not seasonally adjusted CES estimates are described below.

Not seasonally adjusted revisions

Table 3 presents the employment benchmarks for March 2022, not seasonally adjusted, by major industry sector. The total revision to not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment is 506,000.

Table 3. Not seasonally adjusted employment benchmarks for major industry sectors, March 2022 (in thousands)
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate Differences
Amount Percent
00-000000 Total nonfarm 150,411 149,905 506 0.3
05-000000 Total private 128,085 127,478 607 0.5
06-000000 Goods-producing 20,719 20,645 74 0.4
07-000000 Service-providing 129,692 129,260 432 0.3
08-000000 Private service-providing 107,366 106,833 533 0.5
10-000000 Mining and logging 583 601 -18 -3.1
20-000000 Construction 7,463 7,393 70 0.9
30-000000 Manufacturing 12,673 12,651 22 0.2
31-000000 Durable goods 7,888 7,873 15 0.2
32-000000 Nondurable goods 4,785 4,778 7 0.1
40-000000 Trade, transportation, and utilities 28,327 28,295 32 0.1
41-420000 Wholesale trade 5,890.4 5,789.3 101.1 1.7
42-000000 Retail trade 15,352.1 15,604.3 -252.2 -1.6
43-000000 Transportation and warehousing 6,533.9 6,363.8 170.1 2.6
44-220000 Utilities 551.0 537.7 13.3 2.4
50-000000 Information 3,006 2,926 80 2.7
55-000000 Financial activities 8,949 8,855 94 1.1
60-000000 Professional and business services 22,207 21,977 230 1.0
65-000000 Private education and health services 24,162 24,231 -69 -0.3
70-000000 Leisure and hospitality 15,103 14,942 161 1.1
80-000000 Other services 5,612 5,607 5 0.1
90-000000 Government 22,326 22,427 -101 -0.5

To Table of Figures

Benchmarks for more detailed industries are available on the CES detailed industry tables page.

Table 4 below shows the recent history of not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm percent and level benchmark revisions. Over the prior 10 years, the annual benchmark revision at the total nonfarm level has averaged 0.1 percent (in absolute terms), with a range of −0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

The differences listed in table 4 and beyond reflect the error due to normal benchmarking procedures after the incorporation of reconstructions. Those years are footnoted.

Table 4. Percent and level differences between nonfarm employment benchmarks and estimates by industry supersector (thousands), March 2012 to 2022
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Type 2012 2013 (1) 2014 2015 (2) 2016 2017 (3) 2018 (4) 2019 (5) 2020 2021 2022 (6)

00-000000

Total nonfarm Percent 0.3 -0.1 (7) -0.1 -0.1 0.1 (7) -0.3 -0.1 (7) 0.3
Level 424 -119 67 -172 -81 135 -16 -489 -121 -7 506

05-000000

Total private Percent 0.4 -0.1 0.1 -0.2 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.1 -0.2 0.5
Level 481 -126 105 -232 -151 133 -104 -505 -184 -256 607

10-000000

Mining and logging Percent 1.6 -1.2 -1.8 -2.2 -3.2 -4.6 -1.1 -2.1 -4 -11.5 -3.1
Level 13 -10 -16 -19 -22 -30 -8 -15 -27 -63 -18

20-000000

Construction Percent 1.8 0.3 1.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 -0.1 (7) -0.6 0.9
Level 93 14 90 39 47 52 44 -4 2 -41 70

30-000000

Manufacturing Percent -0.2 0.2 0.4 -0.1 0.5 0.1 -0.1 (7) -0.6 -0.3 0.2
Level -25 23 43 -12 58 15 -18 -4 -75 -42 22

40-000000

Trade, transportation, and utilities Percent 0.6 -0.5 -0.1 (7) -0.4 0.3 -0.3 -0.4 0.1 1.1 0.1
Level 145 -131 -31 -5 -110 75 -77 -117 24 307 32

41-420000(8)

Wholesale trade Percent 0.8 -0.4 -0.8 -0.7 -1.1 -0.4 -0.9 -0.7 -0.8 -0.4 1.7
Level 45.3 -20.2 -45.4 -41.3 -66.6 -21.2 -54.4 -38.6 -48 -23.6 101.1

42-000000(8)

Retail trade Percent 0.5 -0.8 (7) -0.2 -0.8 0.1 -0.6 -1 -0.5 0.4 -1.6
Level 78.9 -110.3 5.5 -23.5 -118.2 15.4 -96.4 -150.8 -78.3 57.9 -252.2

43-000000(8)

Transportation and warehousing Percent 0.7 0.1 0.2 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.6 4.5 2.6
Level 29.4 3.6 9.7 65.3 83.5 79.8 72.7 75.8 148.9 270.1 170.1

44-220000(8)

Utilities Percent -1.5 -0.8 -0.1 -0.8 -1.6 0.2 0.3 -0.7 0.2 0.5 2.4
Level -8.5 -4.6 -0.6 -4.7 -8.7 1 1.8 -4.1 1.1 2.8 13.3

50-000000

Information Percent 1.8 -0.2 2.4 -1.6 -0.1 2.5 2.1 1.2 0.5 3 2.7
Level 47 -5 66 -44 -2 70 59 35 14 84 80

55-000000

Financial activities Percent 0.6 -0.1 0.2 -0.1 (7) 0.1 -0.1 0.8 0.3 -0.7 1.1
Level 45 -10 19 -9 -4 7 -12 68 25 -64 94

60-000000

Professional and business services Percent (7) (7) -0.8 -0.6 -0.6 -1.3 -0.4 -0.8 -0.6 1 1
Level 2 4 -147 -110 -125 -270 -72 -159 -123 218 230

65-000000

Private education and health services Percent (7) -0.3 -0.1 (7) -0.4 0.3 (7) -0.4 -0.2 0.5 -0.3
Level -2 -61 -16 -7 -83 70 5 -95 -47 125 -69

70-000000

Leisure and hospitality Percent 0.8 0.5 0.3 -0.3 0.7 0.8 (7) -1.1 0.2 -4.4 1.1
Level 104 72 38 -45 102 126 -4 -170 31 -572 161

80-000000

Other services Percent 1.1 -0.4 1.1 -0.4 -0.2 0.3 -0.4 -0.8 -0.1 -3.9 0.1
Level 59 -22 59 -20 -12 18 -21 -44 -8 -208 5

90-000000

Government Percent -0.3 (7) -0.2 0.3 0.3 (7) 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.1 -0.5
Level -57 7 -38 60 70 2 88 16 63 249 -101

Footnotes:
(1) With the 2013 benchmark, CES reconstructed several national employment series. Each first quarter, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program, whose data account for approximately 97 percent of the CES universe scope (see The Sample section of the CES Technical Notes), incorporates updated industry assignments. In 2013, these updates included two substantial groups of nonrandom, noneconomic code changes, one to funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles (NAICS 525), and the other, a reclassification of approximately 466,000 in employment from private households (NAICS 814), which is out of scope for CES, to services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (NAICS 62412), which is in scope. These changes also had an impact, beyond what would be considered typical for a given benchmark year, on corresponding CES series. For more information about the changes to these industries, see the QCEW First Quarter 2013 News Release or the Special notice regarding reconstructed data section in the 2013 CES Benchmark Article.
(2) With the 2015 benchmark, CES reconstructed the national employment series 65-624120, services for the elderly and persons with disabilities back to January 2000. CES previously reconstructed this series with the 2013 benchmark; however, between the 2013 and 2015 benchmark, a better source of information for the employment within NAICS 62412 for the state of California was found. The inclusion of the reconstructed series resulted in total nonfarm and total private employment that was 27,000 less than the originally published March 2015 estimate level. The difference between the benchmarked and originally published March 2015 estimate level is -199,000 or -0.1 percent. This table displays March 2015 data after accounting for the decrease of 27,000 from the reconstructed series. Similarly, for the education and health services supersector, this table displays March 2015 data after incorporating the reconstructed series. For more information about this reconstruction, see the Reconstruction section of the 2015 Benchmark Article.
(3) With the 2017 benchmark, CES reconstructed the national employment series 60-561613, security guards and patrols and armored car services back to October 2016 to correct a microdata error. The inclusion of the reconstructed series resulted in total nonfarm and total private employment that was 3,000 more than the originally published March 2017 estimate level. The difference between the benchmarked and originally published March 2017 estimate level is 138,000 or 0.1 percent. This table displays March 2017 data after accounting for the increase of 3,000 from the reconstructed series. Similarly, for the professional and business services supersector, this table displays March 2017 data after incorporating the reconstructed series. For more information, see the Reconstructions section in the 2017 Benchmark Article.
(4) With the 2018 benchmark, CES reconstructed several national employment series. A recoding effort in the QCEW resulted in about 336,000 employment in wholesale trade agents and brokers (41-425120) moved into other series within the wholesale trade, retail trade, transportation and warehousing, and professional and business services major industry sectors. Affected basic-level series were reconstructed for their entire history, generally back to January 1990. Additionally, a reclassification of a state employer to private ownership caused a shift of about 17,000 employment from the CES series other state government (90-922999) into services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (65-624120). Affected basic-level series were reconstructed from March 2018 back to January 2018. For more information about this reconstruction, see the Reconstruction section in the 2018 CES Benchmark Article.
(5) With the 2019 benchmark, BLS reconstructed some national employment series in transportation to correct an error in rail transportation (43-482000), which had resulted in 16,000 in employment being double counted. The reconstruction removed the doubled-counted employment and affected aggregates of rail transportation, up to and including total nonfarm, back to January 1990. While the difference between the benchmarked and originally published March 2019 estimate level is -505,000, or -0.3 percent, this table displays March 2019 data after accounting for the removal of 16,000 from the published series. For more information, see the Reconstructions section in the 2019 CES Benchmark Article.
(6) With the 2022 benchmark, BLS reconstructed several national employment series. A recoding effort in the QCEW resulted in about 68,000 in employment in electronic shopping and mail-order houses (42-454100) being moved into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices (60-551114). Affected series were reconstructed for their entire history going back to January 1990. Additionally, the CES program found that some QCEW employment microdata submitted for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (NAICS 624120) was erroneously reported for the first quarter of 2022. CES imputed the March 2022 level for this industry, and the new level was approximately 83,000 greater than the originally reported QCEW level. For more information, see the Reconstructions and Benchmark level adjustments to services for the elderly and persons with disabilities sections in the 2022 CES Benchmark Article.
(7) Absolute revision is less than 0.05 percent.
(8) Indented series are part of trade, transportation, and utilities.

To Table of Figures

Benchmark revision effects for other data types

Benchmarking also affects the series for production and nonsupervisory employees (PE) and women employees (WE). There are no benchmark employment levels for these series; they are revised by preserving ratios of employment for the particular data type to the all employee (AE) level prior to benchmarking, and then applying these ratios to the revised all employee level. These figures are calculated at the basic cell level and then aggregated to produce the summary estimates. Average weekly hours (AWH), average hourly earnings (AHE), and, in manufacturing industries, average weekly overtime hours (AWOH) are not benchmarked; they are estimated solely from reports supplied by survey respondents at the basic estimating cell level. New employment benchmarks can additionally affect indirectly estimated data types. For more information on indirectly estimated data types, see the Definitions for derivative series section in the CES Handbook of Methods.

Table 5 lists directly estimated data types and their common abbreviations. Directly estimated data types except for AE are collectively called non-AE data types.

Table 5. Directly estimated data types
Data Type Abbreviation
All employees AE
Production and nonsupervisory employees PE
Women employees WE
Average weekly hours of all employees AE AWH
Average hourly earnings of all employees AE AHE
Average weekly overtime hours of all employees AE AWOH
Average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory employees PE AWH
Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees PE AHE
Average weekly overtime hours of production and nonsupervisory employees PE AWOH

To Table of Figures

The aggregate industry levels of the hours and earnings series are derived as a weighted average. AE and PE estimates for basic cells act as weights for their respective hours and earnings estimates for broader industry groupings. Adjustments of AE estimates to new benchmarks may alter the implicit weights used for both AE and PE hours and earnings, which, in turn, may change the estimates for both AE and PE hours and earnings at higher levels of aggregation.

Generally, new employment benchmarks have little effect on hours and earnings estimates for major industry groupings. To influence the hours and earnings estimates of a broader industry group, employment revisions have to be relatively large and must affect industries that have hours or earnings averages that are substantially different from those of other industries in their broader group.

Table 6 and table 7 provide information on the not seasonally adjusted levels of major industry sector hours and earnings series resulting from the March 2022 benchmark. At the total private level, there was no change in average weekly hours estimates for AE, and average weekly hours for PE increased by 0.1 hour from the previously published level. Total private average hourly earnings increased by 8 cents for AE and PE from the previously published levels.

Benchmark effects on hours and earnings for more detailed industries are available on the CES detailed industry tables page.

Table 6. Effect of March 2022 benchmark revisions to all employees average weekly hours and average hourly earnings estimates, major industry sectors
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings
Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference

05-000000

Total private

34.4 34.5 0.1 $31.72 $31.80 $0.08

06-000000

Goods-producing

39.9 39.9 0.0 31.91 31.90 -0.01

08-000000

Private service-providing

33.4 33.4 0.0 31.67 31.77 0.10

10-000000

Mining and logging

45.4 45.6 0.2 35.90 35.63 -0.27

20-000000

Construction

38.3 38.3 0.0 34.04 34.03 -0.01

30-000000

Manufacturing

40.6 40.6 0.0 30.52 30.53 0.01

31-000000

Durable goods

41.1 41.1 0.0 32.03 32.05 0.02

32-000000

Nondurable goods

39.9 39.9 0.0 27.95 27.96 0.01

40-000000

Trade, transportation, and utilities

33.5 33.7 0.2 27.33 27.37 0.04

41-420000

Wholesale trade

39.1 39.1 0.0 34.46 34.51 0.05

42-000000

Retail trade

29.6 29.7 0.1 22.72 22.76 0.04

43-000000

Transportation and warehousing

37.4 37.4 0.0 27.62 27.35 -0.27

44-220000

Utilities

42.1 42.1 0.0 47.00 47.12 0.12

50-000000

Information

36.6 36.6 0.0 44.99 45.23 0.24

55-000000

Financial activities

37.4 37.4 0.0 40.93 40.98 0.05

60-000000

Professional and business services

36.5 36.5 0.0 38.22 38.22 0.00

65-000000

Private education and health services

33.3 33.3 0.0 31.20 31.39 0.19

70-000000

Leisure and hospitality

25.9 26.0 0.1 19.72 19.76 0.04

80-000000

Other services

32.2 32.2 0.0 28.31 28.68 0.37

To Table of Figures

Table 7. Effect of March 2022 benchmark revisions to production and nonsupervisory employees average weekly hours and average hourly earnings estimates, major industry sectors
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings
Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference

05-000000

Total private

33.9 33.9 0.0 $27.02 $27.10 $0.08

06-000000

Goods-producing

40.7 40.7 0.0 27.38 27.36 -0.02

08-000000

Private service-providing

32.8 32.8 0.0 26.94 27.04 0.10

10-000000

Mining and logging

47.4 47.4 0.0 32.42 32.29 -0.13

20-000000

Construction

38.8 38.8 0.0 31.48 31.46 -0.02

30-000000

Manufacturing

41.5 41.5 0.0 24.72 24.72 0.00

31-000000

Durable goods

41.9 41.9 0.0 25.88 25.86 -0.02

32-000000

Nondurable goods

40.9 40.9 0.0 22.86 22.85 -0.01

40-000000

Trade, transportation, and utilities

33.7 33.8 0.1 23.47 23.52 0.05

41-420000

Wholesale trade

39.2 39.2 0.0 28.49 28.52 0.03

42-000000

Retail trade

30.2 30.2 0.0 19.26 19.32 0.06

43-000000

Transportation and warehousing

36.9 36.9 0.0 25.70 25.48 -0.22

44-220000

Utilities

41.8 41.8 0.0 41.40 41.50 0.10

50-000000

Information

36.4 36.5 0.1 36.71 36.95 0.24

55-000000

Financial activities

37.2 37.2 0.0 31.54 31.59 0.05

60-000000

Professional and business services

36.1 36.1 0.0 32.05 32.05 0.00

65-000000

Private education and health services

32.5 32.5 0.0 28.34 28.53 0.19

70-000000

Leisure and hospitality

24.8 24.8 0.0 17.53 17.56 0.03

80-000000

Other services

31.1 31.2 0.1 24.42 24.84 0.42

To Table of Figures

Net birth-death revisions

The difference between CES estimates and the population employment results from various sources. Disaggregating it into its components is complex. Both data sources are subject to nonresponse and reporting error. Additionally, the CES estimates are subject to sampling error and business birth and death modeling error.

The CES sample alone is not sufficient for estimating the total nonfarm employment level because each month new establishments generate employment that cannot be captured through the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between an establishment opening for business and its appearance on the CES sample frame. The sample frame is built from UI quarterly tax records. These records cover virtually all U.S. employers and include business births, but they only become available for updating the CES sampling frame 7 to 9 months after the reference month. After the births appear on the frame, there is also time required for sampling, contacting, and soliciting cooperation from the establishments, and verifying the initial data provided. In practice, BLS cannot sample and begin to collect data from new establishments until they are at least a year old.

BLS has researched both sample-based and model-based approaches to measuring employment from business births and deaths that have not yet appeared on the UI universe frame. The research demonstrated that sampling for births was not feasible in the very short CES production timeframes, so BLS uses a model-based approach to account for this employment. This model incorporates two components. The first component is an indirect imputation for business deaths. The second component is an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model designed to estimate the net birth-death employment not accounted for by the imputation from the first component. More information on the CES birth-death model is available in the Business births and deaths section of the CES Handbook of Methods.

An analysis of error in the birth-death model and the effect of those errors on CES estimation follows.

Net birth-death changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Current estimates of not seasonally adjusted employment include both a sample-based component and a model-based component. The model-based portion, called the net birth-death forecast, is intended to account for businesses that have closed or opened since the sample was initially drawn. While this model performs well in times of relative stability, it has not traditionally included a mechanism to account for rapid changes in the most recent months of employment estimates.

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic created a severe economic shock to the global economy, resulting in massive job losses across the United States. This widespread disruption to labor markets and the potential impact to the birth-death model prompted BLS to revisit research conducted after the Great Recession (2007-09) and incorporate new ideas to account for changes in the number of business openings and closings. Two areas of research were implemented to improve the accuracy of the birth-death model in the CES estimates. These adjustments better reflect the net effect of the contribution of business births and deaths to the estimates. These two methodological changes, one to adjust each of the two steps in the birth-death model, are the following:

  • A portion of both reported zero employment and returns from zero in the current month from the sample were used in estimation to better account for the fact that business births and deaths do not offset.

  • Current sample growth rates were included in the net birth-death forecasting model to better account for the changing relationships between business openings and closings.

First, a proportion of reports that fell to zero employment and reports that returned from zero employment in each month were used to adjust the weighted contribution of each report used in the calculation of the over-the-month change of the sample-based estimates. Typically, reports with zero employment in either the previous or current month are not included in estimation. To account for an excess amount of reports going to zero employment and reports returning from zero employment, BLS calculated the likelihood that either a reported zero or a return from zero exceeded what would be expected for the month. These "excess declines to zero" and "excess returns from zero" (collectively called excess reported zeroes) partially account for drops in employment (when more business deaths than are usually observed in historical population data occur) and for increases in employment (when there are more business births than normal). More specifically, "excess declines to zero" were used in March 2020 and subsequent months' first preliminary, second preliminary, and final estimates through September 2021. "Excess returns from zero" were used in first, second, and final estimates from May 2020 to September 2021.

Second, BLS adjusted the portion of business births and deaths that cannot be accounted for using sample data by including more recent information. Net birth-death forecasts are normally modeled using an ARIMA based on over-the-month changes of 5 years of historical birth-death residual values that end 9 months before the forecast of the current month. Instead of using only historical data—data that would not accurately account for how the labor market has changed due to COVID-19—a regression variable that includes data up to the current month was included in the model. The regression variable is the CES sample-based ratio of over-the-month change, known as the sample link, for each of the major industry sectors. Each major industry sector sample link was used as a regressor for the basic-level industry forecasts only within that sector from April 2020 to September 2021.

BLS did research on a monthly basis to determine when to return to normal estimation. BLS monitored responses to the CES survey for a reduction in rates of newly reported zeroes and returns from zero in the current month and the resumption of previous patterns in the net birth-death forecasts. Effective with the release of October 2021 preliminary estimates, BLS determined that adjustments to its birth-death methodology were no longer necessary.

The use of sample links as regression variables in the model initially accounted for a difference of 47,000 in the net birth-death forecasts from April 2021 to September 2021, with a range from −21,000 to 39,000. Exhibit 1 below outlines monthly differences due to the inclusion of the sample link regressor.

Exhibit 1. Preliminary and revised net birth-death forecasts for total private with and without regressor adjustments, not seasonally adjusted (in thousands)
Month Preliminary Forecast Revised Forecast
With Adjustment Without Adjustment Difference With Adjustment Without Adjustment Difference

April 2020

-553 246 -799 -470 282 -752

May

345 207 138 319 203 116

June

295 73 222 235 68 167

July

241 193 48 254 211 43

August

154 104 50 142 95 47

September

-62 -99 37 -64 -96 32

October

344 293 51 363 313 50

November

6 2 4 -1 0 -1

December

19 -56 75 18 -48 66

Total 2020

789 963 -174 796 1,028 -232

January 2021

-143 -143 0 (1) (1) (1)

February

131 135 -4 (1) (1) (1)

March

38 -1 39 (1) (1) (1)

April

298 277 21 309 270 39

May

218 242 -24 239 260 -21

June

76 95 -19 106 118 -12

July

224 225 -1 264 244 20

August

142 135 7 146 134 12

September

-89 -103 14 -87 -96 9

Total 2021

895 862 33 977 930 47

Footnotes:
(1) Net birth-death forecasts are only revised in the post-benchmark period for months from April to December.

To Table of Figures

The effect of these adjustments to CES estimates of employment reflect the pronounced impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Exhibit 2 illustrates the difference at the total private level between the published CES estimates that use these two adjustments and a simulated CES series calculated without using either adjustment. The total private benchmark revision amount applied to March 2022 was 506,000. Without these adjustments to the birth-death model, the total private employment would have been 141,000 less, and the benchmark revision amount would have been 647,000.

Exhibit 2. Effects of adjusted net birth-death forecasts and use of reported zeroes on total private employment before benchmarking, not seasonally adjusted (in thousands)
Month Total Private Employment with Adjustments Total Private Employment without Adjustments Difference

April 2021

122,117 122,052 65

May

123,111 123,069 42

June

124,593 124,504 89

July

125,471 125,317 154

August

125,653 125,488 165

September

125,444 125,285 159

October

126,847 126,686 161

November

127,659 127,497 162

December

127,922 127,763 159

January 2022

125,482 125,342 140

February

126,784 126,641 143

March

127,478 127,337 141

To Table of Figures

Forecasted vs. actual net birth-death

Only error from the model-based component of CES estimation is directly measurable. Error from this component is measured by comparing the actual net of births and deaths with the model-based forecast that was used in the CES sample-based estimates during the previous benchmark year. Most recently, the data from April 2021 to March 2022 can be measured. As table 8 shows, the actual net birth-death from April 2021 to March 2022 was approximately 289,000 above the forecast used in the CES monthly estimates for the same period.

Table 8. Differences between forecasted and actual net birth-death, total private employment, April 2021 to March 2022 (in thousands)
Benchmark 2022 2021 2022 Total
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Actual Net Birth-Death

499 212 13 465 102 -217 653 30 -20 -160 169 -61 1,685

Forecast Net Birth-Death

309 239 106 264 146 -87 379 17 -42 -114 156 23 1,396

Difference

190 -27 -93 201 -44 -130 274 13 22 -46 13 -84 289

Cumulative Difference

190 163 70 271 227 97 371 384 406 360 373 289

To Table of Figures

Net birth-death adjustments to the post-benchmark period

From April 2022 to December 2022, also called the post-benchmark period, CES estimates were recalculated for each month based primarily on new benchmark levels and new net birth-death forecasts. Net birth-death forecasts were revised to incorporate information from the most recent year of universe employment counts. Table 9 shows the net birth-death values for the supersectors over the post-benchmark period. From April 2022 to December 2022, the net birth-death model cumulatively added 1,459,000 jobs, compared with 1,276,000 in the previously published April 2022 to December 2022 employment estimates.

Table 9. Net birth-death forecasts by industry supersector, April to December 2022 (in thousands)
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Cumulative
Total

10-000000

Mining and logging

-1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2

20-000000

Construction

33 41 22 17 10 -4 31 -9 -17 124

30-000000

Manufacturing

-2 11 7 3 5 -1 11 4 1 39

40-000000

Trade, transportation, and utilities

4 32 19 39 23 -3 112 23 14 263

41-420000(1)

Wholesale trade

-4 6 -3 6 2 -11 21 2 0 19

42-000000(1)

Retail trade

5 19 13 17 11 0 31 0 -3 93

43-000000(1)

Transportation and warehousing

3 7 9 16 10 8 59 21 17 150

44-220000(1)

Utilities

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

50-000000

Information

9 6 3 10 4 0 14 6 2 54

55-000000

Financial activities

8 8 -5 18 4 -16 45 1 8 71

60-000000

Professional and business services

111 37 -8 85 26 -33 142 10 -21 349

65-000000

Education and health services

45 18 -31 57 19 -35 102 12 -14 173

70-000000

Leisure and hospitality

99 90 82 88 22 -52 31 -24 -6 330

80-000000

Other services

17 10 4 10 6 -9 22 -2 -4 54

Total private net birth-death forecast

323 254 93 327 120 -153 511 21 -37 1,459

Footnotes
(1) Indented industries are part of trade, transportation, and utilities.

To Table of Figures

Reconstructions

In addition to the regular benchmark revisions, CES employment, hours, and earnings estimates are sometimes reconstructed to avoid series breaks and to provide users with continuous, comparable employment time series suitable for economic analysis. Reconstructions may be necessary to correct processing errors, reporting errors, changes in scope, updates to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), or to address other issues that may cause breaks in CES time series that are not economic in nature. The reconstructions that were incorporated with this year’s annual benchmark are described below.

Retail trade recoding

During processing for the 2022 benchmark, QCEW’s Annual Refiling Survey identified incorrectly coded establishments for the first quarter of 2022, moving a significant amount of employment out of Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses (NAICS 454110) into Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices (NAICS 551114). For CES purposes, this resulted in about 68,000 in employment in electronic shopping and mail-order houses (42-454100) moving into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices (60-551114) for March 2022. This amounted to approximately 14.6 percent of the previously published March 2022 employment level of electronic shopping and mail-order houses. Both industries were reconstructed for AE, PE, WE, PE AWH, and PE AHE back to January 1990. AE AWH and AE AHE were reconstructed for both industries back to the start of those data types, March 2006. All reconstructions were applied to not seasonally adjusted CES data.

Basic-level reconstruction methods

A part of the CES industry electronic shopping and mail-order houses (42-454100) in the retail trade major industry sector was redistributed into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices (60-551114) in the professional and business services major industry sector.

A ratio of employment moving out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses amounting to 14.6 percent was calculated from QCEW data for March 2022. That ratio was applied to the March 2022 CES AE, PE, and WE estimates for electronic shopping and mail-order houses to determine the amount of employment to wedge back from March 2022 for the history of the series back to 1990, or 387 months. The amount of employment moving out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses in March 2022 was spread back across those 387 months linearly; 1⁄387 of the March difference is subtracted from the January 1990 estimate, 2⁄387 from the February 1990 estimate, and so on, until the full amount is subtracted from the March 2022 estimate. These employment amounts were then added to the employment of corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices to get the new totals.

Average weekly hours (AWH) and average hourly earnings (AHE) did not change for electronic shopping and mail-order houses, although the total hours and total earnings did. The amount of total hours to move into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices was calculated by multiplying the amount of employment moving out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses by the AWH for that industry. Total earnings to move out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses was calculated by multiplying the AWH moving to corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices by AHE for electronic shopping and mail-order houses. These formulas apply to both AE and PE hours and earnings. These moving amounts of total hours and total earnings were summed with the original total hours and total earnings for corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices. Those new total hours and total earnings were then averaged using the new employment levels for corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices. The AWH and AHE for corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices, therefore, did change due to the reconstruction. More information about the calculation of CES employment, hours, and earnings estimates is available in the Handbook of Methods under Monthly Estimation.

The resulting reconstructed series for electronic shopping and mail-order houses was distributed in its entirety to other industries due to the NAICS 2022 update. The NAICS 2022 update is briefly described below. More information about NAICS changes in the CES program is available on the CES NAICS page.

Conversion to the 2022 North American Industry Classification System

With the release of January 2023 data on February 3, 2023, the CES program updated the national nonfarm payroll series to the NAICS 2022 basis from the NAICS 2017 basis. The conversion to NAICS 2022 resulted in minor revisions reflecting content and coding changes within the mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other services sectors, as well as major revisions reflecting content and coding changes in the retail trade and information sectors. Many industry titles and descriptions were also updated to better reflect official NAICS titles. Approximately 10 percent of CES employment was reclassified into different industries as a result of the update. For more information on the CES program conversion to NAICS 2022, see the CES NAICS 2022 page.

Aggregate-level reconstruction effects

Reconstructed basic series from both the corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices reconstruction and the NAICS update were summed to aggregate levels using the normal CES aggregation methods (see the Aggregation procedures section in the CES Handbook of Methods), and, consequently, unadjusted aggregate employment series are subject to change from the detailed aggregate series to summary level aggregates within each the major industry sector. Additionally, the reconstruction to corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices affected major industry sector level employment for trade, transportation, and utilities and professional and business services. Hours and earnings series are subject to change from summary levels to major industry sector levels for private service-providing, service-providing, total private, and total nonfarm. Differences for not seasonally adjusted employment for private service-providing, service-providing, total private, and total nonfarm are minor, ranging from 2,000 to 3,000.

Reconstruction methods for series that go back further than 1990

For industries that have series with earlier data than January 1990, ratios at the major industry level were created from summed reconstructed data and the originally published estimates. These pre-1990 ratios were calculated for employment and total earnings using January 1990 data for all series in exhibit 3 and applied to the pre-1990 histories for these series. Pre-1990 PE AWH did not change, but the historical PE AWH data were used to calculate PE AHE changes for pre-1990 data, which had minor changes between −1 and 1 cent for some months.

Exhibit 3. Start years of pre-1990 industries affected by NAICS 2022 conversion
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title AE PE PE AWH PE AHE PE AOT WE

31-333200

Industrial machinery manufacturing 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972

31-333248

All other industrial machinery manufacturing 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972 1972

31-335910

Battery manufacturing 1972

32-325300

Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing 1972

42-445132

Vending machine operators 1982 1982 1982 1982 1982

50-516110

Radio broadcasting stations 1982

50-516120

Television broadcasting stations 1982

To Table of Figures

Seasonal adjustment in reconstructed series

For all series affected by the redistribution of employment, hours, and earnings due to either the corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices reconstruction or the NAICS update, the corresponding seasonally adjusted series were also subject to change for the entirety of their histories. Aggregate industries as well as component series used in indirect seasonal adjustment are also subject to change, up to and including total private and total nonfarm. More information about seasonal adjustment of CES series is available on the CES Seasonal Adjustment page.

Changes to the CES published series

With the release of the January 2023 first preliminary estimates on February 3, 2023, BLS incorporated series changes related to annual sample adequacy and disclosure review and updated the national nonfarm payroll series to the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) from the NAICS 2017 basis.

Series changes due to annual sample review

All CES series are evaluated annually for sample size, coverage, and response rates. The following changes result from a re-evaluation of the sample and universe coverage for CES industries, which are based on NAICS 2022. Some industries no longer have sufficient sample to be estimated and published separately and were discontinued or combined with other similar industries for estimation and publication purposes. This information is also available on the Notice of Publication Changes with the Release of Data on February 3, 2023 release page.

A list of currently published CES series is available at the CES published series page.

Table 10. Series with CES Industry Code or Title Changes
NAICS Code Previous New
CES Industry Code CES Industry Title CES Industry Code CES Industry Title

3322,9

31-332900 Other fabricated metal products 31-332900 Cutlery, handtool, and other fabricated metal product manufacturing

33220,99

31-332990 All other fabricated metal products 31-332990 Cutlery, handtool, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing

332200;991,6,9

31-332200 Cutlery and hand tools 31-332999 Cutlery, handtool, ball and roller bearing, fabricated pipe, pipe fitting, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing

332200;991,6,9

31-332999 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products and ball and roller bearings

333511,5,9

31-333511 Industrial molds 31-333519 Industrial mold, cutting tool and machine tool accessory, rolling mill, and other metalworking machinery manufacturing

333511,5,9

31-333519 Miscellaneous metalworking machinery

337122,6,7

31-337122 Nonupholstered wood household furniture 31-337127 Nonupholstered household furniture and institutional furniture manufacturing

337122,6,7

31-337127 Miscellaneous household and institutional furniture

3372,9

31-337200Office furniture and fixtures 31-337200 Office furniture (including fixtures) and other furniture related product manufacturing

337215,900

31-337215 Showcases, partitions, shelving, and lockers 31-337215 Showcase, partition, shelving, locker, and other furniture related product manufacturing

337215,900

31-337900 Other furniture-related products

44411,2,8

42-444110 Home centers 42-444180 Home centers, paint, wallpaper, and other building material dealers

44411,2,8

42-444120 Paint and wallpaper stores

44411,2,8

42-444190 Other building material dealers

6112,3

65-611200 Junior colleges 65-611300 Private junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

6112,3

65-611300 Colleges and universities

To Table of Figures

To more easily identify affected series and because AE series are published at a more detailed industry level than non-AE series, series changes are shown separately for AE and non-AE data types. The first two tables in this section reference discontinued and collapsed series for AE only. The third table references discontinued series for all non-AE data types. Discontinued series tables (table 11 and table 13) display series for which the data types noted are no longer published. The collapsed series tables (table 12 and table 14) display series for which the data types noted are published at a more aggregate level because the more detailed industry no longer has sufficient sample to be estimated and published separately. Affected industries have been combined with other similar industries for estimation and publication purposes. Historical data for these series were reconstructed to provide consistent time series. Industries that are no longer published for AE will also no longer be published for other directly estimated data types or derivative series. Table 15 shows non-AE series that have sufficient sample to be broken into more detail.

Table 11. Discontinued AE Series
NAICS Code CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Next Highest Published Industry

32211,2

32-322120 Pulp mills and paper mills Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (32-322100)

32213

32-322130 Paperboard mills Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (32-322100)

336111

32-336111 Automobiles Motor vehicle manufacturing (32-336100)

To Table of Figures

Table 12. Collapsed AE Series
Previous New

NAICS Code

CES Industry Code CES Industry Title NAICS Code CES Industry Code CES Industry Title

3322

31-332200 Cutlery and hand tools 332200,999 31-332999 Cutlery, handtool, ball and roller bearing, fabricated pipe, pipe fitting, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing

332999

31-332999 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products and ball and roller bearings

333511

31-333511 Industrial molds 333511,5,9 31-333519 Industrial mold, cutting tool and machine tool accessory, rolling mill, and other metalworking machinery manufacturing

333515,9

31-333519 Miscellaneous metalworking machinery

337122

31-337122 Nonupholstered wood household furniture 337122,6,7 31-337127 Nonupholstered household furniture and institutional furniture manufacturing

337124,5,7

31-337127 Miscellaneous household and institutional furniture

337215

31-337215 Showcases, partitions, shelving, and lockers 337215,900 31-337215 Showcase, partition, shelving, locker, and other furniture related product manufacturing

3379

31-337900 Other furniture-related products

44411

42-444110 Home centers 4411,2,8 42-444180 Home centers, paint, wallpaper, and other building material dealers

44412

42-444120 Paint and wallpaper stores

44419

42-444190 Other building material dealers

6112

65-611200 Junior colleges 6112,3 65-611300 Private junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools

6113

65-611300 Colleges and universities

To Table of Figures

Table 13. Discontinued Non-AE Series
NAICS Code CES Industry Code CES Industry Title Discontinued From Publication Next Highest Published Industry

21239

10-212390 Other nonmetallic mineral mining PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying (10-212300)

23817

20-238170 Siding contractors PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors (20-238100)

23819

20-238190 Other building exterior contractors PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors (20-238100)

3211

31-321100 Sawmills and wood preservation AE AWOH, PE AWOH Wood product manufacturing (31-321000)

3212

31-321200 Plywood and engineered wood products AE AWOH, PE AWOH Wood product manufacturing (31-321000)

3324

31-332400 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Fabricated metal product manufacturing (31-332000)

333514

31-333514 Special tools, dies, jigs, and fixtures PE AWOH Metalworking machinery manufacturing (31-333500)

334513

31-334513 Industrial process variable instruments AE AWH, AE AHE, WE Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing (31-334500)

33631

31-336310 Motor vehicle gasoline engine and parts AE AWH, AE AHE, PE, PE AWH, PE AHE, WE, PE AWOH Motor vehicle parts manufacturing (31-336300)

33635

31-336350 Motor vehicle power train components PE, PE AWH, PE AHE, WE, PE AWOH Motor vehicle parts manufacturing (31-336300)

337121

31-337121 Upholstered household furniture AE AWH, AE AHE, WE, AE AWOH Household and institutional furniture manufacturing (31-3371200)

311611

32-311611 Animal, except poultry, slaughtering WE Animal slaughtering and processing (32-311600)

311612,3

32-311613 Meat processed from carcasses, and rendering and meat byproduct processing WE Animal slaughtering and processing (32-311600)

3117

32-311700 Seafood product preparation and packaging AE AWOH Food manufacturing (32-311000)

313

32-313000 Textile mills PE AWOH Nondurable goods (32-000000)

32221

32-322210 Paperboard containers PE AWOH Paper manufacturing (32-322000)

324

32-324000 Petroleum and coal products AE AWH, AE AHE Nondurable goods (32-000000)

3259

32-325900 Other chemical products and preparations AE AWOH Chemical manufacturing (32-325000)

32611

32-326110 Plastics packaging materials, film, and sheet AE AWH, AE AHE, WE Plastics product manufacturing (32-326100)

312,6

32-329000 Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing AE AWH, AE AHE Nondurable goods (32-000000)

42342

41-423420 Office equipment PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers (41-423400)

42341,4,6,9

41-423490 Miscellaneous professional and commercial equipment PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers (41-423400)

44512

42-445120 Convenience stores AE AWH, AE AHE, PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Convenience retailers and vending machine operators (42-445130)

44613

42-446130 Optical goods stores PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Health and personal care retailers (42-456100)

44619

42-446190 Other health and personal care stores PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Health and personal care retailers (42-456100)

484121

43-484121 General freight trucking, long-distance TL PE, PE AWH, PE AHE General freight trucking, long-distance (43-484120)

484122

43-484122 General freight trucking, long-distance LTL PE, PE AWH, PE AHE General freight trucking, long-distance (43-484120)

4883

43-488300 Support activities for water transportation PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Support activities for transportation (43-488000)

4882,9

43-488900 Support activities for other transportation, including rail PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Support activities for transportation (43-488000)

51511

50-515110 Radio broadcasting AE AWH, AE AHE, PE, PE AWH, PE AHE, WE Radio and television broadcasting stations (50-516100)

56191

60-561910 Packaging and labeling services PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Other support services (60-561900)

56192

60-561920 Convention and trade show organizers PE, PE AWH, PE AHE Other support services (60-561900)

81221

80-812210 Funeral homes and funeral services AE AWH, AE AHE Death care services (80-812200)

81222

80-812220 Cemeteries and crematories AE AWH, AE AHE Death care services (80-812200)

To Table of Figures

Table 14. Collapsed Non-AE Series
Previous New

NAICS Code

CES Industry Code CES Industry Title NAICS Code CES Industry Code CES Industry Title

3322

31-332200 Cutlery and hand tools 33220,99 31-332990 Cutlery, handtool, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing

33299

31-332990 All other fabricated metal products

3372

31-337200 Office furniture and fixtures 3372,9 31-337200 Office furniture (including fixtures) and other furniture related product manufacturing

3379

31-337900 Other furniture-related products

To Table of Figures

Table 15. New non-AE Series
NAICS Code CES Industry Code CES Industry Title New Publication

2123

10-212300 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying PE, PE AWH, PE AHE

To Table of Figures

Availability of revised data

LABSTAT, the BLS public database, contains all historical employment, hours, and earnings data revised as a result of this benchmark, including both not seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted data. The data can be accessed at the CES-National database page.

Previously published data are available on both a not seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted basis for all CES industries down to the 3-digit level from the CES Vintage Data page. CES vintage data are typically updated in early March following the annual benchmark revision.

Benchmarks for detailed industries can be found at the CES detailed industry tables page.

Table of figures

Tables

Exhibits

Last Modified Date: February 3, 2023