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With the release of January 2023 data on February 3, 2023, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) introduced its annual revision to national estimates of employment, hours, and earnings from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) monthly survey of nonfarm establishments.
The March 2022 benchmarked seasonally adjusted employment level for total nonfarm employment is 151,424,000. The not seasonally adjusted benchmarked employment level is 150,411,000.
Compared with the sample-based, seasonally adjusted published estimate for March 2022, total nonfarm employment had a revision of 568,000 or 0.4 percent. The not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment estimate was revised by 506,000, or 0.3 percent.
Table 1 presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis for January 2022 through December 2022. The revised data for April 2022 forward incorporate the effect of applying the rate of change measured by the sample to the new benchmark employment level, as well as updated net birth-death model forecasts and new seasonal adjustment factors. Revisions to November and December also reflect incorporation of additional sample receipts. For more information about the methodology of benchmarking in the CES program, see the Benchmark section in the CES Handbook of Methods.
2022 | Levels | Over-the-month changes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As Revised | As Previously Published | Difference | As Revised | As Previously Published | Difference | |
January |
150,106 | 149,744 | 362 | 364 | 504 | -140 |
February |
151,010 | 150,458 | 552 | 904 | 714 | 190 |
March |
151,424 | 150,856 | 568 | 414 | 398 | 16 |
April |
151,678 | 151,224 | 454 | 254 | 368 | -114 |
May |
152,042 | 151,610 | 432 | 364 | 386 | -22 |
June |
152,412 | 151,903 | 509 | 370 | 293 | 77 |
July |
152,980 | 152,440 | 540 | 568 | 537 | 31 |
August |
153,332 | 152,732 | 600 | 352 | 292 | 60 |
September |
153,682 | 153,001 | 681 | 350 | 269 | 81 |
October |
154,006 | 153,264 | 742 | 324 | 263 | 61 |
November |
154,296 | 153,520 | 776 | 290 | 256 | 34 |
December (p) |
154,556 | 153,743 | 813 | 260 | 223 | 37 |
Footnotes |
Establishment survey benchmarking is done each year to align employment estimates from the survey with employment counts derived primarily from the administrative file of employees covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI). All employers covered by UI laws are required to report employment and wage information to the appropriate state UI agency four times per year. The UI data are obtained and edited by each state’s Labor Market Information agency. They are tabulated and published through the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program. Both the QCEW and CES categorize their data using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). About 97 percent of total nonfarm employment within the scope of the establishment survey is covered by UI and is available to the CES program via QCEW records.
An employment count for the remaining 3 percent is constructed from other sources, primarily records from the Railroad Retirement Board and Census Bureau data from County Business Patterns and the Annual Survey of Public Employment and Payroll. This 3 percent is referred to as noncovered employment. The combination of QCEW and noncovered employment data make up the benchmark level. The full benchmark employment level developed for March replaces the March sample-based estimate for each basic cell.
The total annual revision is the difference between the benchmark level for a given March and the published March sample-based employment estimate. The overall accuracy of the establishment survey is usually gauged by the size of the benchmark revision, which is often regarded as a proxy for total survey error. Typically, the total revision is equal to the benchmark revision. However, in years with historical reconstructions, affected CES series are re-estimated prior to benchmarking. Historical reconstructions sometimes are needed to correct errors, reflect updates to industry classification, or address other issues so that users can have continuous, comparable estimates suitable for economic analysis. The benchmark revision, in these cases, is the difference between the benchmark level and the newly reconstructed sample-based estimate. The benchmark revision is the difference between two independently derived employment counts, each subject to its own error sources.
To create a continuous time series between the new March benchmark level and historical sample-based data from the prior March benchmark level, employment estimates for the months between the most recent March benchmark and the previous year's benchmark are adjusted using a linear "wedge-back" procedure. This procedure assumes that the total estimation error accumulated at a steady rate since the last benchmark. For the 9 months following the March benchmark (also called the post-benchmark period), BLS applies previously derived over-the-month sample changes to the revised March level to get the revised estimates. New net birth-death model forecasts are also calculated and applied during post-benchmark estimation. More information on benchmarks in the CES program is available in the Benchmark section in the CES Handbook of Methods and in the October 2017 Monthly Labor Review, "Benchmarking the Current Employment Statistics National Estimates."
During benchmark processing, the CES program found that some first quarter 2022 QCEW employment microdata for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (NAICS 624120) were erroneously reported. After further research, CES concluded that the incorrectly reported data for this industry should not be used and the first quarter 2022 QCEW employment data should be imputed for the series. The decision to impute was reached because corrected QCEW microdata would not have been received in time for CES production purposes. Therefore, CES used the QCEW average over-the-month employment change for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities from the prior 3 years (2019, 2020, and 2021) for each month between December 2021 and March 2022 to arrive at an imputed March 2022 level. This imputed level was approximately 83,000 greater than the originally reported QCEW level for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities. The final benchmark revision to CES not seasonally adjusted all employee employment for services for the elderly and persons with disabilities (65-624120) was 24,800.
BLS seasonally adjusts 5 years of CES data with each annual benchmark for all industries and directly estimated data types. However, reconstructed series are seasonally adjusted over their revised time spans if the revised timespan is greater than 5 years. Details about seasonal adjustment during the 2022 benchmark are described below.
Table 2 presents revised employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis for March 2022 by major industry sector. The revision to seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment is 568,000.
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | As Revised | As Previously Published | Differences | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amount | Percent | ||||
00-000000 | Total nonfarm | 151,424 | 150,856 | 568 | 0.4 |
05-000000 | Total private | 129,351 | 128,680 | 671 | 0.5 |
06-000000 | Goods-producing | 20,997 | 20,922 | 75 | 0.4 |
07-000000 | Service-providing | 130,427 | 129,934 | 493 | 0.4 |
08-000000 | Private service-providing | 108,354 | 107,758 | 596 | 0.6 |
10-000000 | Mining and logging | 589 | 605 | -16 | -2.7 |
20-000000 | Construction | 7,692 | 7,628 | 64 | 0.8 |
30-000000 | Manufacturing | 12,716 | 12,689 | 27 | 0.2 |
31-000000 | Durable goods | 7,902 | 7,887 | 15 | 0.2 |
32-000000 | Nondurable goods | 4,814 | 4,802 | 12 | 0.2 |
40-000000 | Trade, transportation, and utilities | 28,600 | 28,569 | 31 | 0.1 |
41-420000 | Wholesale trade | 5,917.9 | 5,814.7 | 103.2 | 1.7 |
42-000000 | Retail trade | 15,542.0 | 15,804.9 | -262.9 | -1.7 |
43-000000 | Transportation and warehousing | 6,588.7 | 6,410.6 | 178.1 | 2.7 |
44-220000 | Utilities | 551.7 | 538.3 | 13.4 | 2.4 |
50-000000 | Information | 3,018 | 2,936 | 82 | 2.7 |
55-000000 | Financial activities | 8,997 | 8,905 | 92 | 1 |
60-000000 | Professional and business services | 22,439 | 22,090 | 349 | 1.6 |
65-000000 | Private education and health services | 24,050 | 24,124 | -74 | -0.3 |
70-000000 | Leisure and hospitality | 15,590 | 15,471 | 119 | 0.8 |
80-000000 | Other services | 5,660 | 5,663 | -3 | -0.1 |
90-000000 | Government | 22,073 | 22,176 | -103 | -0.5 |
Benchmark employment levels for March are compared to CES estimates that have not been seasonally adjusted to calculate the new March employment level. Twenty-one months of not seasonally adjusted CES estimates for all data types are revised based on this new March level, prior to seasonal adjustment. Revisions to not seasonally adjusted CES estimates are described below.
Table 3 presents the employment benchmarks for March 2022, not seasonally adjusted, by major industry sector. The total revision to not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment is 506,000.
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Benchmark | Estimate | Differences | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amount | Percent | ||||
00-000000 | Total nonfarm | 150,411 | 149,905 | 506 | 0.3 |
05-000000 | Total private | 128,085 | 127,478 | 607 | 0.5 |
06-000000 | Goods-producing | 20,719 | 20,645 | 74 | 0.4 |
07-000000 | Service-providing | 129,692 | 129,260 | 432 | 0.3 |
08-000000 | Private service-providing | 107,366 | 106,833 | 533 | 0.5 |
10-000000 | Mining and logging | 583 | 601 | -18 | -3.1 |
20-000000 | Construction | 7,463 | 7,393 | 70 | 0.9 |
30-000000 | Manufacturing | 12,673 | 12,651 | 22 | 0.2 |
31-000000 | Durable goods | 7,888 | 7,873 | 15 | 0.2 |
32-000000 | Nondurable goods | 4,785 | 4,778 | 7 | 0.1 |
40-000000 | Trade, transportation, and utilities | 28,327 | 28,295 | 32 | 0.1 |
41-420000 | Wholesale trade | 5,890.4 | 5,789.3 | 101.1 | 1.7 |
42-000000 | Retail trade | 15,352.1 | 15,604.3 | -252.2 | -1.6 |
43-000000 | Transportation and warehousing | 6,533.9 | 6,363.8 | 170.1 | 2.6 |
44-220000 | Utilities | 551.0 | 537.7 | 13.3 | 2.4 |
50-000000 | Information | 3,006 | 2,926 | 80 | 2.7 |
55-000000 | Financial activities | 8,949 | 8,855 | 94 | 1.1 |
60-000000 | Professional and business services | 22,207 | 21,977 | 230 | 1.0 |
65-000000 | Private education and health services | 24,162 | 24,231 | -69 | -0.3 |
70-000000 | Leisure and hospitality | 15,103 | 14,942 | 161 | 1.1 |
80-000000 | Other services | 5,612 | 5,607 | 5 | 0.1 |
90-000000 | Government | 22,326 | 22,427 | -101 | -0.5 |
Benchmarks for more detailed industries are available on the CES detailed industry tables page.
Table 4 below shows the recent history of not seasonally adjusted total nonfarm percent and level benchmark revisions. Over the prior 10 years, the annual benchmark revision at the total nonfarm level has averaged 0.1 percent (in absolute terms), with a range of −0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.
The differences listed in table 4 and beyond reflect the error due to normal benchmarking procedures after the incorporation of reconstructions. Those years are footnoted.
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Type | 2012 | 2013 (1) | 2014 | 2015 (2) | 2016 | 2017 (3) | 2018 (4) | 2019 (5) | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 (6) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
00-000000 |
Total nonfarm | Percent | 0.3 | -0.1 | (7) | -0.1 | -0.1 | 0.1 | (7) | -0.3 | -0.1 | (7) | 0.3 |
Level | 424 | -119 | 67 | -172 | -81 | 135 | -16 | -489 | -121 | -7 | 506 | ||
05-000000 |
Total private | Percent | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.1 | -0.2 | -0.1 | 0.1 | -0.1 | -0.4 | -0.1 | -0.2 | 0.5 |
Level | 481 | -126 | 105 | -232 | -151 | 133 | -104 | -505 | -184 | -256 | 607 | ||
10-000000 |
Mining and logging | Percent | 1.6 | -1.2 | -1.8 | -2.2 | -3.2 | -4.6 | -1.1 | -2.1 | -4 | -11.5 | -3.1 |
Level | 13 | -10 | -16 | -19 | -22 | -30 | -8 | -15 | -27 | -63 | -18 | ||
20-000000 |
Construction | Percent | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | -0.1 | (7) | -0.6 | 0.9 |
Level | 93 | 14 | 90 | 39 | 47 | 52 | 44 | -4 | 2 | -41 | 70 | ||
30-000000 |
Manufacturing | Percent | -0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | -0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | -0.1 | (7) | -0.6 | -0.3 | 0.2 |
Level | -25 | 23 | 43 | -12 | 58 | 15 | -18 | -4 | -75 | -42 | 22 | ||
40-000000 |
Trade, transportation, and utilities | Percent | 0.6 | -0.5 | -0.1 | (7) | -0.4 | 0.3 | -0.3 | -0.4 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 |
Level | 145 | -131 | -31 | -5 | -110 | 75 | -77 | -117 | 24 | 307 | 32 | ||
41-420000(8) |
Wholesale trade | Percent | 0.8 | -0.4 | -0.8 | -0.7 | -1.1 | -0.4 | -0.9 | -0.7 | -0.8 | -0.4 | 1.7 |
Level | 45.3 | -20.2 | -45.4 | -41.3 | -66.6 | -21.2 | -54.4 | -38.6 | -48 | -23.6 | 101.1 | ||
42-000000(8) |
Retail trade | Percent | 0.5 | -0.8 | (7) | -0.2 | -0.8 | 0.1 | -0.6 | -1 | -0.5 | 0.4 | -1.6 |
Level | 78.9 | -110.3 | 5.5 | -23.5 | -118.2 | 15.4 | -96.4 | -150.8 | -78.3 | 57.9 | -252.2 | ||
43-000000(8) |
Transportation and warehousing | Percent | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 2.6 |
Level | 29.4 | 3.6 | 9.7 | 65.3 | 83.5 | 79.8 | 72.7 | 75.8 | 148.9 | 270.1 | 170.1 | ||
44-220000(8) |
Utilities | Percent | -1.5 | -0.8 | -0.1 | -0.8 | -1.6 | 0.2 | 0.3 | -0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.4 |
Level | -8.5 | -4.6 | -0.6 | -4.7 | -8.7 | 1 | 1.8 | -4.1 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 13.3 | ||
50-000000 |
Information | Percent | 1.8 | -0.2 | 2.4 | -1.6 | -0.1 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 3 | 2.7 |
Level | 47 | -5 | 66 | -44 | -2 | 70 | 59 | 35 | 14 | 84 | 80 | ||
55-000000 |
Financial activities | Percent | 0.6 | -0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | (7) | 0.1 | -0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | -0.7 | 1.1 |
Level | 45 | -10 | 19 | -9 | -4 | 7 | -12 | 68 | 25 | -64 | 94 | ||
60-000000 |
Professional and business services | Percent | (7) | (7) | -0.8 | -0.6 | -0.6 | -1.3 | -0.4 | -0.8 | -0.6 | 1 | 1 |
Level | 2 | 4 | -147 | -110 | -125 | -270 | -72 | -159 | -123 | 218 | 230 | ||
65-000000 |
Private education and health services | Percent | (7) | -0.3 | -0.1 | (7) | -0.4 | 0.3 | (7) | -0.4 | -0.2 | 0.5 | -0.3 |
Level | -2 | -61 | -16 | -7 | -83 | 70 | 5 | -95 | -47 | 125 | -69 | ||
70-000000 |
Leisure and hospitality | Percent | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.3 | -0.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | (7) | -1.1 | 0.2 | -4.4 | 1.1 |
Level | 104 | 72 | 38 | -45 | 102 | 126 | -4 | -170 | 31 | -572 | 161 | ||
80-000000 |
Other services | Percent | 1.1 | -0.4 | 1.1 | -0.4 | -0.2 | 0.3 | -0.4 | -0.8 | -0.1 | -3.9 | 0.1 |
Level | 59 | -22 | 59 | -20 | -12 | 18 | -21 | -44 | -8 | -208 | 5 | ||
90-000000 |
Government | Percent | -0.3 | (7) | -0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | (7) | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | -0.5 |
Level | -57 | 7 | -38 | 60 | 70 | 2 | 88 | 16 | 63 | 249 | -101 | ||
Footnotes: |
Benchmarking also affects the series for production and nonsupervisory employees (PE) and women employees (WE). There are no benchmark employment levels for these series; they are revised by preserving ratios of employment for the particular data type to the all employee (AE) level prior to benchmarking, and then applying these ratios to the revised all employee level. These figures are calculated at the basic cell level and then aggregated to produce the summary estimates. Average weekly hours (AWH), average hourly earnings (AHE), and, in manufacturing industries, average weekly overtime hours (AWOH) are not benchmarked; they are estimated solely from reports supplied by survey respondents at the basic estimating cell level. New employment benchmarks can additionally affect indirectly estimated data types. For more information on indirectly estimated data types, see the Definitions for derivative series section in the CES Handbook of Methods.
Table 5 lists directly estimated data types and their common abbreviations. Directly estimated data types except for AE are collectively called non-AE data types.
Data Type | Abbreviation |
---|---|
All employees | AE |
Production and nonsupervisory employees | PE |
Women employees | WE |
Average weekly hours of all employees | AE AWH |
Average hourly earnings of all employees | AE AHE |
Average weekly overtime hours of all employees | AE AWOH |
Average weekly hours of production and nonsupervisory employees | PE AWH |
Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees | PE AHE |
Average weekly overtime hours of production and nonsupervisory employees | PE AWOH |
The aggregate industry levels of the hours and earnings series are derived as a weighted average. AE and PE estimates for basic cells act as weights for their respective hours and earnings estimates for broader industry groupings. Adjustments of AE estimates to new benchmarks may alter the implicit weights used for both AE and PE hours and earnings, which, in turn, may change the estimates for both AE and PE hours and earnings at higher levels of aggregation.
Generally, new employment benchmarks have little effect on hours and earnings estimates for major industry groupings. To influence the hours and earnings estimates of a broader industry group, employment revisions have to be relatively large and must affect industries that have hours or earnings averages that are substantially different from those of other industries in their broader group.
Table 6 and table 7 provide information on the not seasonally adjusted levels of major industry sector hours and earnings series resulting from the March 2022 benchmark. At the total private level, there was no change in average weekly hours estimates for AE, and average weekly hours for PE increased by 0.1 hour from the previously published level. Total private average hourly earnings increased by 8 cents for AE and PE from the previously published levels.
Benchmark effects on hours and earnings for more detailed industries are available on the CES detailed industry tables page.
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Average Weekly Hours | Average Hourly Earnings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated | Revised | Difference | Estimated | Revised | Difference | ||
05-000000 |
Total private |
34.4 | 34.5 | 0.1 | $31.72 | $31.80 | $0.08 |
06-000000 |
Goods-producing |
39.9 | 39.9 | 0.0 | 31.91 | 31.90 | -0.01 |
08-000000 |
Private service-providing |
33.4 | 33.4 | 0.0 | 31.67 | 31.77 | 0.10 |
10-000000 |
Mining and logging |
45.4 | 45.6 | 0.2 | 35.90 | 35.63 | -0.27 |
20-000000 |
Construction |
38.3 | 38.3 | 0.0 | 34.04 | 34.03 | -0.01 |
30-000000 |
Manufacturing |
40.6 | 40.6 | 0.0 | 30.52 | 30.53 | 0.01 |
31-000000 |
Durable goods |
41.1 | 41.1 | 0.0 | 32.03 | 32.05 | 0.02 |
32-000000 |
Nondurable goods |
39.9 | 39.9 | 0.0 | 27.95 | 27.96 | 0.01 |
40-000000 |
Trade, transportation, and utilities |
33.5 | 33.7 | 0.2 | 27.33 | 27.37 | 0.04 |
41-420000 |
Wholesale trade |
39.1 | 39.1 | 0.0 | 34.46 | 34.51 | 0.05 |
42-000000 |
Retail trade |
29.6 | 29.7 | 0.1 | 22.72 | 22.76 | 0.04 |
43-000000 |
Transportation and warehousing |
37.4 | 37.4 | 0.0 | 27.62 | 27.35 | -0.27 |
44-220000 |
Utilities |
42.1 | 42.1 | 0.0 | 47.00 | 47.12 | 0.12 |
50-000000 |
Information |
36.6 | 36.6 | 0.0 | 44.99 | 45.23 | 0.24 |
55-000000 |
Financial activities |
37.4 | 37.4 | 0.0 | 40.93 | 40.98 | 0.05 |
60-000000 |
Professional and business services |
36.5 | 36.5 | 0.0 | 38.22 | 38.22 | 0.00 |
65-000000 |
Private education and health services |
33.3 | 33.3 | 0.0 | 31.20 | 31.39 | 0.19 |
70-000000 |
Leisure and hospitality |
25.9 | 26.0 | 0.1 | 19.72 | 19.76 | 0.04 |
80-000000 |
Other services |
32.2 | 32.2 | 0.0 | 28.31 | 28.68 | 0.37 |
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Average Weekly Hours | Average Hourly Earnings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated | Revised | Difference | Estimated | Revised | Difference | ||
05-000000 |
Total private |
33.9 | 33.9 | 0.0 | $27.02 | $27.10 | $0.08 |
06-000000 |
Goods-producing |
40.7 | 40.7 | 0.0 | 27.38 | 27.36 | -0.02 |
08-000000 |
Private service-providing |
32.8 | 32.8 | 0.0 | 26.94 | 27.04 | 0.10 |
10-000000 |
Mining and logging |
47.4 | 47.4 | 0.0 | 32.42 | 32.29 | -0.13 |
20-000000 |
Construction |
38.8 | 38.8 | 0.0 | 31.48 | 31.46 | -0.02 |
30-000000 |
Manufacturing |
41.5 | 41.5 | 0.0 | 24.72 | 24.72 | 0.00 |
31-000000 |
Durable goods |
41.9 | 41.9 | 0.0 | 25.88 | 25.86 | -0.02 |
32-000000 |
Nondurable goods |
40.9 | 40.9 | 0.0 | 22.86 | 22.85 | -0.01 |
40-000000 |
Trade, transportation, and utilities |
33.7 | 33.8 | 0.1 | 23.47 | 23.52 | 0.05 |
41-420000 |
Wholesale trade |
39.2 | 39.2 | 0.0 | 28.49 | 28.52 | 0.03 |
42-000000 |
Retail trade |
30.2 | 30.2 | 0.0 | 19.26 | 19.32 | 0.06 |
43-000000 |
Transportation and warehousing |
36.9 | 36.9 | 0.0 | 25.70 | 25.48 | -0.22 |
44-220000 |
Utilities |
41.8 | 41.8 | 0.0 | 41.40 | 41.50 | 0.10 |
50-000000 |
Information |
36.4 | 36.5 | 0.1 | 36.71 | 36.95 | 0.24 |
55-000000 |
Financial activities |
37.2 | 37.2 | 0.0 | 31.54 | 31.59 | 0.05 |
60-000000 |
Professional and business services |
36.1 | 36.1 | 0.0 | 32.05 | 32.05 | 0.00 |
65-000000 |
Private education and health services |
32.5 | 32.5 | 0.0 | 28.34 | 28.53 | 0.19 |
70-000000 |
Leisure and hospitality |
24.8 | 24.8 | 0.0 | 17.53 | 17.56 | 0.03 |
80-000000 |
Other services |
31.1 | 31.2 | 0.1 | 24.42 | 24.84 | 0.42 |
The difference between CES estimates and the population employment results from various sources. Disaggregating it into its components is complex. Both data sources are subject to nonresponse and reporting error. Additionally, the CES estimates are subject to sampling error and business birth and death modeling error.
The CES sample alone is not sufficient for estimating the total nonfarm employment level because each month new establishments generate employment that cannot be captured through the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between an establishment opening for business and its appearance on the CES sample frame. The sample frame is built from UI quarterly tax records. These records cover virtually all U.S. employers and include business births, but they only become available for updating the CES sampling frame 7 to 9 months after the reference month. After the births appear on the frame, there is also time required for sampling, contacting, and soliciting cooperation from the establishments, and verifying the initial data provided. In practice, BLS cannot sample and begin to collect data from new establishments until they are at least a year old.
BLS has researched both sample-based and model-based approaches to measuring employment from business births and deaths that have not yet appeared on the UI universe frame. The research demonstrated that sampling for births was not feasible in the very short CES production timeframes, so BLS uses a model-based approach to account for this employment. This model incorporates two components. The first component is an indirect imputation for business deaths. The second component is an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model designed to estimate the net birth-death employment not accounted for by the imputation from the first component. More information on the CES birth-death model is available in the Business births and deaths section of the CES Handbook of Methods.
An analysis of error in the birth-death model and the effect of those errors on CES estimation follows.
Current estimates of not seasonally adjusted employment include both a sample-based component and a model-based component. The model-based portion, called the net birth-death forecast, is intended to account for businesses that have closed or opened since the sample was initially drawn. While this model performs well in times of relative stability, it has not traditionally included a mechanism to account for rapid changes in the most recent months of employment estimates.
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic created a severe economic shock to the global economy, resulting in massive job losses across the United States. This widespread disruption to labor markets and the potential impact to the birth-death model prompted BLS to revisit research conducted after the Great Recession (2007-09) and incorporate new ideas to account for changes in the number of business openings and closings. Two areas of research were implemented to improve the accuracy of the birth-death model in the CES estimates. These adjustments better reflect the net effect of the contribution of business births and deaths to the estimates. These two methodological changes, one to adjust each of the two steps in the birth-death model, are the following:
A portion of both reported zero employment and returns from zero in the current month from the sample were used in estimation to better account for the fact that business births and deaths do not offset.
Current sample growth rates were included in the net birth-death forecasting model to better account for the changing relationships between business openings and closings.
First, a proportion of reports that fell to zero employment and reports that returned from zero employment in each month were used to adjust the weighted contribution of each report used in the calculation of the over-the-month change of the sample-based estimates. Typically, reports with zero employment in either the previous or current month are not included in estimation. To account for an excess amount of reports going to zero employment and reports returning from zero employment, BLS calculated the likelihood that either a reported zero or a return from zero exceeded what would be expected for the month. These "excess declines to zero" and "excess returns from zero" (collectively called excess reported zeroes) partially account for drops in employment (when more business deaths than are usually observed in historical population data occur) and for increases in employment (when there are more business births than normal). More specifically, "excess declines to zero" were used in March 2020 and subsequent months' first preliminary, second preliminary, and final estimates through September 2021. "Excess returns from zero" were used in first, second, and final estimates from May 2020 to September 2021.
Second, BLS adjusted the portion of business births and deaths that cannot be accounted for using sample data by including more recent information. Net birth-death forecasts are normally modeled using an ARIMA based on over-the-month changes of 5 years of historical birth-death residual values that end 9 months before the forecast of the current month. Instead of using only historical data—data that would not accurately account for how the labor market has changed due to COVID-19—a regression variable that includes data up to the current month was included in the model. The regression variable is the CES sample-based ratio of over-the-month change, known as the sample link, for each of the major industry sectors. Each major industry sector sample link was used as a regressor for the basic-level industry forecasts only within that sector from April 2020 to September 2021.
BLS did research on a monthly basis to determine when to return to normal estimation. BLS monitored responses to the CES survey for a reduction in rates of newly reported zeroes and returns from zero in the current month and the resumption of previous patterns in the net birth-death forecasts. Effective with the release of October 2021 preliminary estimates, BLS determined that adjustments to its birth-death methodology were no longer necessary.
The use of sample links as regression variables in the model initially accounted for a difference of 47,000 in the net birth-death forecasts from April 2021 to September 2021, with a range from −21,000 to 39,000. Exhibit 1 below outlines monthly differences due to the inclusion of the sample link regressor.
Month | Preliminary Forecast | Revised Forecast | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With Adjustment | Without Adjustment | Difference | With Adjustment | Without Adjustment | Difference | |
April 2020 |
-553 | 246 | -799 | -470 | 282 | -752 |
May |
345 | 207 | 138 | 319 | 203 | 116 |
June |
295 | 73 | 222 | 235 | 68 | 167 |
July |
241 | 193 | 48 | 254 | 211 | 43 |
August |
154 | 104 | 50 | 142 | 95 | 47 |
September |
-62 | -99 | 37 | -64 | -96 | 32 |
October |
344 | 293 | 51 | 363 | 313 | 50 |
November |
6 | 2 | 4 | -1 | 0 | -1 |
December |
19 | -56 | 75 | 18 | -48 | 66 |
Total 2020 |
789 | 963 | -174 | 796 | 1,028 | -232 |
January 2021 |
-143 | -143 | 0 | (1) | (1) | (1) |
February |
131 | 135 | -4 | (1) | (1) | (1) |
March |
38 | -1 | 39 | (1) | (1) | (1) |
April |
298 | 277 | 21 | 309 | 270 | 39 |
May |
218 | 242 | -24 | 239 | 260 | -21 |
June |
76 | 95 | -19 | 106 | 118 | -12 |
July |
224 | 225 | -1 | 264 | 244 | 20 |
August |
142 | 135 | 7 | 146 | 134 | 12 |
September |
-89 | -103 | 14 | -87 | -96 | 9 |
Total 2021 |
895 | 862 | 33 | 977 | 930 | 47 |
Footnotes: |
The effect of these adjustments to CES estimates of employment reflect the pronounced impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Exhibit 2 illustrates the difference at the total private level between the published CES estimates that use these two adjustments and a simulated CES series calculated without using either adjustment. The total private benchmark revision amount applied to March 2022 was 506,000. Without these adjustments to the birth-death model, the total private employment would have been 141,000 less, and the benchmark revision amount would have been 647,000.
Month | Total Private Employment with Adjustments | Total Private Employment without Adjustments | Difference |
---|---|---|---|
April 2021 |
122,117 | 122,052 | 65 |
May |
123,111 | 123,069 | 42 |
June |
124,593 | 124,504 | 89 |
July |
125,471 | 125,317 | 154 |
August |
125,653 | 125,488 | 165 |
September |
125,444 | 125,285 | 159 |
October |
126,847 | 126,686 | 161 |
November |
127,659 | 127,497 | 162 |
December |
127,922 | 127,763 | 159 |
January 2022 |
125,482 | 125,342 | 140 |
February |
126,784 | 126,641 | 143 |
March |
127,478 | 127,337 | 141 |
Only error from the model-based component of CES estimation is directly measurable. Error from this component is measured by comparing the actual net of births and deaths with the model-based forecast that was used in the CES sample-based estimates during the previous benchmark year. Most recently, the data from April 2021 to March 2022 can be measured. As table 8 shows, the actual net birth-death from April 2021 to March 2022 was approximately 289,000 above the forecast used in the CES monthly estimates for the same period.
Benchmark 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | Total | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | ||
Actual Net Birth-Death |
499 | 212 | 13 | 465 | 102 | -217 | 653 | 30 | -20 | -160 | 169 | -61 | 1,685 |
Forecast Net Birth-Death |
309 | 239 | 106 | 264 | 146 | -87 | 379 | 17 | -42 | -114 | 156 | 23 | 1,396 |
Difference |
190 | -27 | -93 | 201 | -44 | -130 | 274 | 13 | 22 | -46 | 13 | -84 | 289 |
Cumulative Difference |
190 | 163 | 70 | 271 | 227 | 97 | 371 | 384 | 406 | 360 | 373 | 289 |
From April 2022 to December 2022, also called the post-benchmark period, CES estimates were recalculated for each month based primarily on new benchmark levels and new net birth-death forecasts. Net birth-death forecasts were revised to incorporate information from the most recent year of universe employment counts. Table 9 shows the net birth-death values for the supersectors over the post-benchmark period. From April 2022 to December 2022, the net birth-death model cumulatively added 1,459,000 jobs, compared with 1,276,000 in the previously published April 2022 to December 2022 employment estimates.
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Cumulative Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10-000000 |
Mining and logging |
-1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
20-000000 |
Construction |
33 | 41 | 22 | 17 | 10 | -4 | 31 | -9 | -17 | 124 |
30-000000 |
Manufacturing |
-2 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 5 | -1 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 39 |
40-000000 |
Trade, transportation, and utilities |
4 | 32 | 19 | 39 | 23 | -3 | 112 | 23 | 14 | 263 |
41-420000(1) |
Wholesale trade |
-4 | 6 | -3 | 6 | 2 | -11 | 21 | 2 | 0 | 19 |
42-000000(1) |
Retail trade |
5 | 19 | 13 | 17 | 11 | 0 | 31 | 0 | -3 | 93 |
43-000000(1) |
Transportation and warehousing |
3 | 7 | 9 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 59 | 21 | 17 | 150 |
44-220000(1) |
Utilities |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
50-000000 |
Information |
9 | 6 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 0 | 14 | 6 | 2 | 54 |
55-000000 |
Financial activities |
8 | 8 | -5 | 18 | 4 | -16 | 45 | 1 | 8 | 71 |
60-000000 |
Professional and business services |
111 | 37 | -8 | 85 | 26 | -33 | 142 | 10 | -21 | 349 |
65-000000 |
Education and health services |
45 | 18 | -31 | 57 | 19 | -35 | 102 | 12 | -14 | 173 |
70-000000 |
Leisure and hospitality |
99 | 90 | 82 | 88 | 22 | -52 | 31 | -24 | -6 | 330 |
80-000000 |
Other services |
17 | 10 | 4 | 10 | 6 | -9 | 22 | -2 | -4 | 54 |
Total private net birth-death forecast |
323 | 254 | 93 | 327 | 120 | -153 | 511 | 21 | -37 | 1,459 | |
Footnotes |
In addition to the regular benchmark revisions, CES employment, hours, and earnings estimates are sometimes reconstructed to avoid series breaks and to provide users with continuous, comparable employment time series suitable for economic analysis. Reconstructions may be necessary to correct processing errors, reporting errors, changes in scope, updates to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), or to address other issues that may cause breaks in CES time series that are not economic in nature. The reconstructions that were incorporated with this year’s annual benchmark are described below.
During processing for the 2022 benchmark, QCEW’s Annual Refiling Survey identified incorrectly coded establishments for the first quarter of 2022, moving a significant amount of employment out of Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses (NAICS 454110) into Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices (NAICS 551114). For CES purposes, this resulted in about 68,000 in employment in electronic shopping and mail-order houses (42-454100) moving into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices (60-551114) for March 2022. This amounted to approximately 14.6 percent of the previously published March 2022 employment level of electronic shopping and mail-order houses. Both industries were reconstructed for AE, PE, WE, PE AWH, and PE AHE back to January 1990. AE AWH and AE AHE were reconstructed for both industries back to the start of those data types, March 2006. All reconstructions were applied to not seasonally adjusted CES data.
A part of the CES industry electronic shopping and mail-order houses (42-454100) in the retail trade major industry sector was redistributed into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices (60-551114) in the professional and business services major industry sector.
A ratio of employment moving out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses amounting to 14.6 percent was calculated from QCEW data for March 2022. That ratio was applied to the March 2022 CES AE, PE, and WE estimates for electronic shopping and mail-order houses to determine the amount of employment to wedge back from March 2022 for the history of the series back to 1990, or 387 months. The amount of employment moving out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses in March 2022 was spread back across those 387 months linearly; 1⁄387 of the March difference is subtracted from the January 1990 estimate, 2⁄387 from the February 1990 estimate, and so on, until the full amount is subtracted from the March 2022 estimate. These employment amounts were then added to the employment of corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices to get the new totals.
Average weekly hours (AWH) and average hourly earnings (AHE) did not change for electronic shopping and mail-order houses, although the total hours and total earnings did. The amount of total hours to move into corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices was calculated by multiplying the amount of employment moving out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses by the AWH for that industry. Total earnings to move out of electronic shopping and mail-order houses was calculated by multiplying the AWH moving to corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices by AHE for electronic shopping and mail-order houses. These formulas apply to both AE and PE hours and earnings. These moving amounts of total hours and total earnings were summed with the original total hours and total earnings for corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices. Those new total hours and total earnings were then averaged using the new employment levels for corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices. The AWH and AHE for corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices, therefore, did change due to the reconstruction. More information about the calculation of CES employment, hours, and earnings estimates is available in the Handbook of Methods under Monthly Estimation.
The resulting reconstructed series for electronic shopping and mail-order houses was distributed in its entirety to other industries due to the NAICS 2022 update. The NAICS 2022 update is briefly described below. More information about NAICS changes in the CES program is available on the CES NAICS page.
With the release of January 2023 data on February 3, 2023, the CES program updated the national nonfarm payroll series to the NAICS 2022 basis from the NAICS 2017 basis. The conversion to NAICS 2022 resulted in minor revisions reflecting content and coding changes within the mining and logging, manufacturing, wholesale trade, financial activities, and other services sectors, as well as major revisions reflecting content and coding changes in the retail trade and information sectors. Many industry titles and descriptions were also updated to better reflect official NAICS titles. Approximately 10 percent of CES employment was reclassified into different industries as a result of the update. For more information on the CES program conversion to NAICS 2022, see the CES NAICS 2022 page.
Reconstructed basic series from both the corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices reconstruction and the NAICS update were summed to aggregate levels using the normal CES aggregation methods (see the Aggregation procedures section in the CES Handbook of Methods), and, consequently, unadjusted aggregate employment series are subject to change from the detailed aggregate series to summary level aggregates within each the major industry sector. Additionally, the reconstruction to corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices affected major industry sector level employment for trade, transportation, and utilities and professional and business services. Hours and earnings series are subject to change from summary levels to major industry sector levels for private service-providing, service-providing, total private, and total nonfarm. Differences for not seasonally adjusted employment for private service-providing, service-providing, total private, and total nonfarm are minor, ranging from 2,000 to 3,000.
For industries that have series with earlier data than January 1990, ratios at the major industry level were created from summed reconstructed data and the originally published estimates. These pre-1990 ratios were calculated for employment and total earnings using January 1990 data for all series in exhibit 3 and applied to the pre-1990 histories for these series. Pre-1990 PE AWH did not change, but the historical PE AWH data were used to calculate PE AHE changes for pre-1990 data, which had minor changes between −1 and 1 cent for some months.
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | AE | PE | PE AWH | PE AHE | PE AOT | WE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
31-333200 |
Industrial machinery manufacturing | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 |
31-333248 |
All other industrial machinery manufacturing | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 | 1972 |
31-335910 |
Battery manufacturing | 1972 | |||||
32-325300 |
Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing | 1972 | |||||
42-445132 |
Vending machine operators | 1982 | 1982 | 1982 | 1982 | 1982 | |
50-516110 |
Radio broadcasting stations | 1982 | |||||
50-516120 |
Television broadcasting stations | 1982 |
For all series affected by the redistribution of employment, hours, and earnings due to either the corporate, subsidiary, and regional managing offices reconstruction or the NAICS update, the corresponding seasonally adjusted series were also subject to change for the entirety of their histories. Aggregate industries as well as component series used in indirect seasonal adjustment are also subject to change, up to and including total private and total nonfarm. More information about seasonal adjustment of CES series is available on the CES Seasonal Adjustment page.
With the release of the January 2023 first preliminary estimates on February 3, 2023, BLS incorporated series changes related to annual sample adequacy and disclosure review and updated the national nonfarm payroll series to the 2022 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) from the NAICS 2017 basis.
All CES series are evaluated annually for sample size, coverage, and response rates. The following changes result from a re-evaluation of the sample and universe coverage for CES industries, which are based on NAICS 2022. Some industries no longer have sufficient sample to be estimated and published separately and were discontinued or combined with other similar industries for estimation and publication purposes. This information is also available on the Notice of Publication Changes with the Release of Data on February 3, 2023 release page.
A list of currently published CES series is available at the CES published series page.
NAICS Code | Previous | New | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | |
3322,9 |
31-332900 | Other fabricated metal products | 31-332900 | Cutlery, handtool, and other fabricated metal product manufacturing |
33220,99 |
31-332990 | All other fabricated metal products | 31-332990 | Cutlery, handtool, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing |
332200;991,6,9 |
31-332200 | Cutlery and hand tools | 31-332999 | Cutlery, handtool, ball and roller bearing, fabricated pipe, pipe fitting, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing |
332200;991,6,9 |
31-332999 | Miscellaneous fabricated metal products and ball and roller bearings | ||
333511,5,9 |
31-333511 | Industrial molds | 31-333519 | Industrial mold, cutting tool and machine tool accessory, rolling mill, and other metalworking machinery manufacturing |
333511,5,9 |
31-333519 | Miscellaneous metalworking machinery | ||
337122,6,7 |
31-337122 | Nonupholstered wood household furniture | 31-337127 | Nonupholstered household furniture and institutional furniture manufacturing |
337122,6,7 |
31-337127 | Miscellaneous household and institutional furniture | ||
3372,9 |
31-337200 | Office furniture and fixtures | 31-337200 | Office furniture (including fixtures) and other furniture related product manufacturing |
337215,900 |
31-337215 | Showcases, partitions, shelving, and lockers | 31-337215 | Showcase, partition, shelving, locker, and other furniture related product manufacturing |
337215,900 |
31-337900 | Other furniture-related products | ||
44411,2,8 |
42-444110 | Home centers | 42-444180 | Home centers, paint, wallpaper, and other building material dealers |
44411,2,8 |
42-444120 | Paint and wallpaper stores | ||
44411,2,8 |
42-444190 | Other building material dealers | ||
6112,3 |
65-611200 | Junior colleges | 65-611300 | Private junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools |
6112,3 |
65-611300 | Colleges and universities | ||
To more easily identify affected series and because AE series are published at a more detailed industry level than non-AE series, series changes are shown separately for AE and non-AE data types. The first two tables in this section reference discontinued and collapsed series for AE only. The third table references discontinued series for all non-AE data types. Discontinued series tables (table 11 and table 13) display series for which the data types noted are no longer published. The collapsed series tables (table 12 and table 14) display series for which the data types noted are published at a more aggregate level because the more detailed industry no longer has sufficient sample to be estimated and published separately. Affected industries have been combined with other similar industries for estimation and publication purposes. Historical data for these series were reconstructed to provide consistent time series. Industries that are no longer published for AE will also no longer be published for other directly estimated data types or derivative series. Table 15 shows non-AE series that have sufficient sample to be broken into more detail.
NAICS Code | CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Next Highest Published Industry |
---|---|---|---|
32211,2 |
32-322120 | Pulp mills and paper mills | Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (32-322100) |
32213 |
32-322130 | Paperboard mills | Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills (32-322100) |
336111 |
32-336111 | Automobiles | Motor vehicle manufacturing (32-336100) |
Previous | New | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NAICS Code |
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | NAICS Code | CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title |
3322 |
31-332200 | Cutlery and hand tools | 332200,999 | 31-332999 | Cutlery, handtool, ball and roller bearing, fabricated pipe, pipe fitting, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing |
332999 |
31-332999 | Miscellaneous fabricated metal products and ball and roller bearings | |||
333511 |
31-333511 | Industrial molds | 333511,5,9 | 31-333519 | Industrial mold, cutting tool and machine tool accessory, rolling mill, and other metalworking machinery manufacturing |
333515,9 |
31-333519 | Miscellaneous metalworking machinery | |||
337122 |
31-337122 | Nonupholstered wood household furniture | 337122,6,7 | 31-337127 | Nonupholstered household furniture and institutional furniture manufacturing |
337124,5,7 |
31-337127 | Miscellaneous household and institutional furniture | |||
337215 |
31-337215 | Showcases, partitions, shelving, and lockers | 337215,900 | 31-337215 | Showcase, partition, shelving, locker, and other furniture related product manufacturing |
3379 |
31-337900 | Other furniture-related products | |||
44411 |
42-444110 | Home centers | 4411,2,8 | 42-444180 | Home centers, paint, wallpaper, and other building material dealers |
44412 |
42-444120 | Paint and wallpaper stores | |||
44419 |
42-444190 | Other building material dealers | |||
6112 |
65-611200 | Junior colleges | 6112,3 | 65-611300 | Private junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools |
6113 |
65-611300 | Colleges and universities | |||
NAICS Code | CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | Discontinued From Publication | Next Highest Published Industry |
---|---|---|---|---|
21239 |
10-212390 | Other nonmetallic mineral mining | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying (10-212300) |
23817 |
20-238170 | Siding contractors | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors (20-238100) |
23819 |
20-238190 | Other building exterior contractors | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors (20-238100) |
3211 |
31-321100 | Sawmills and wood preservation | AE AWOH, PE AWOH | Wood product manufacturing (31-321000) |
3212 |
31-321200 | Plywood and engineered wood products | AE AWOH, PE AWOH | Wood product manufacturing (31-321000) |
3324 |
31-332400 | Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Fabricated metal product manufacturing (31-332000) |
333514 |
31-333514 | Special tools, dies, jigs, and fixtures | PE AWOH | Metalworking machinery manufacturing (31-333500) |
334513 |
31-334513 | Industrial process variable instruments | AE AWH, AE AHE, WE | Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing (31-334500) |
33631 |
31-336310 | Motor vehicle gasoline engine and parts | AE AWH, AE AHE, PE, PE AWH, PE AHE, WE, PE AWOH | Motor vehicle parts manufacturing (31-336300) |
33635 |
31-336350 | Motor vehicle power train components | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE, WE, PE AWOH | Motor vehicle parts manufacturing (31-336300) |
337121 |
31-337121 | Upholstered household furniture | AE AWH, AE AHE, WE, AE AWOH | Household and institutional furniture manufacturing (31-3371200) |
311611 |
32-311611 | Animal, except poultry, slaughtering | WE | Animal slaughtering and processing (32-311600) |
311612,3 |
32-311613 | Meat processed from carcasses, and rendering and meat byproduct processing | WE | Animal slaughtering and processing (32-311600) |
3117 |
32-311700 | Seafood product preparation and packaging | AE AWOH | Food manufacturing (32-311000) |
313 |
32-313000 | Textile mills | PE AWOH | Nondurable goods (32-000000) |
32221 |
32-322210 | Paperboard containers | PE AWOH | Paper manufacturing (32-322000) |
324 |
32-324000 | Petroleum and coal products | AE AWH, AE AHE | Nondurable goods (32-000000) |
3259 |
32-325900 | Other chemical products and preparations | AE AWOH | Chemical manufacturing (32-325000) |
32611 |
32-326110 | Plastics packaging materials, film, and sheet | AE AWH, AE AHE, WE | Plastics product manufacturing (32-326100) |
312,6 |
32-329000 | Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing | AE AWH, AE AHE | Nondurable goods (32-000000) |
42342 |
41-423420 | Office equipment | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers (41-423400) |
42341,4,6,9 |
41-423490 | Miscellaneous professional and commercial equipment | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers (41-423400) |
44512 |
42-445120 | Convenience stores | AE AWH, AE AHE, PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Convenience retailers and vending machine operators (42-445130) |
44613 |
42-446130 | Optical goods stores | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Health and personal care retailers (42-456100) |
44619 |
42-446190 | Other health and personal care stores | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Health and personal care retailers (42-456100) |
484121 |
43-484121 | General freight trucking, long-distance TL | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | General freight trucking, long-distance (43-484120) |
484122 |
43-484122 | General freight trucking, long-distance LTL | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | General freight trucking, long-distance (43-484120) |
4883 |
43-488300 | Support activities for water transportation | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Support activities for transportation (43-488000) |
4882,9 |
43-488900 | Support activities for other transportation, including rail | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Support activities for transportation (43-488000) |
51511 |
50-515110 | Radio broadcasting | AE AWH, AE AHE, PE, PE AWH, PE AHE, WE | Radio and television broadcasting stations (50-516100) |
56191 |
60-561910 | Packaging and labeling services | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Other support services (60-561900) |
56192 |
60-561920 | Convention and trade show organizers | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE | Other support services (60-561900) |
81221 |
80-812210 | Funeral homes and funeral services | AE AWH, AE AHE | Death care services (80-812200) |
81222 |
80-812220 | Cemeteries and crematories | AE AWH, AE AHE | Death care services (80-812200) |
Previous | New | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NAICS Code |
CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | NAICS Code | CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title |
3322 |
31-332200 | Cutlery and hand tools | 33220,99 | 31-332990 | Cutlery, handtool, and all other fabricated metal product manufacturing |
33299 |
31-332990 | All other fabricated metal products | |||
3372 |
31-337200 | Office furniture and fixtures | 3372,9 | 31-337200 | Office furniture (including fixtures) and other furniture related product manufacturing |
3379 |
31-337900 | Other furniture-related products | |||
NAICS Code | CES Industry Code | CES Industry Title | New Publication |
---|---|---|---|
2123 |
10-212300 | Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying | PE, PE AWH, PE AHE |
LABSTAT, the BLS public database, contains all historical employment, hours, and earnings data revised as a result of this benchmark, including both not seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted data. The data can be accessed at the CES-National database page.
Previously published data are available on both a not seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted basis for all CES industries down to the 3-digit level from the CES Vintage Data page. CES vintage data are typically updated in early March following the annual benchmark revision.
Benchmarks for detailed industries can be found at the CES detailed industry tables page.
Last Modified Date: February 3, 2023